Life span Wks8-12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Life span Wks8-12 - Coursework Example According to Websters New World Law Dictionary (2010), death is "the end of life, when physical functions and vital signs stop." This dictionary further suggests that brain death is an "irreversible end to the functioning of the brain" which the dictionary says is often used as the legal definition. An ethical definition of death is difficult because ethics are different for different people. My definition would be the same as the legal definition: If an individual ceases to breath and their physical and vital signs have stopped, they are dead. However, in cases where someone is in a coma for several years, or when someone has a terminal illness and wants to be euthanized, ethics come more into play in determining what is "right" or "wrong" in each situation (Santrock, 2008). Each culture sees death and mourning differently. In many cultures, the community is an integral part of the mourning. As an example, the Amish community works together when someone dies. A neighbor will make sure that everyone knows about it and the family will be supported for a year after the death. The Amish engage the family in moving forward by visiting them, bringing scrapbooks and homemade items, and starting new work projects for the widow. The Amish people also will hold the funeral in a house during the winter months or in a barn during the warmer months. It is the community that takes care of all the arrangements, including burial (Santrock, 2008). If an individual is working with children, it is helpful to know the developmental stages that children follow when they are growing and learning. Understanding the various theories -- psychoanalytic, behavioral and so forth gives an understanding of how small children develop through the lifespan. Understanding how humans evolve from birth to old age is important to the scholar-practitioner because this knowledge puts into perspective the various changes a person goes

Criticisms of the positivism approach

Criticisms of the positivism approach This essay aims to explore and assess the criticisms that have been levelled at the application of positivism within human geography. It will become clear that most of these criticisms follow two interlinked themes: The idea that such scientific and quantitative approaches rely on generalisation and are shallow by nature, and that positivisms objective approach tends to refuse acknowledgement of individuals and their experiences. However, despite the numerous flaws of positivist approaches, it would be naive to ignore the useful aspects of their nomothetic direction. This paper will conclude that the divide between the positivist and non-positivist (humanistic, radical and Marxist) geographers should not be seen as a weakness in the discipline, but rather as Geographys main strength. As Ackerman (1958 p.74, cited in Johnston, 1997) noted, most geographical research has dealt with much generalisation, yet it has given meaning to other research efforts which succeeded it. In this sense it has a block-building characteristic. (p.17). The philosophical divide is therefore in fact constructive. Non positivist approaches compliment the generalisations of the previous more positivist studies through expansion and critique. Before immersing into the stark debates inherent of these criticisms though, a brief history of positivism is necessary so that the critiques that follow can be understood on a contextual basis. Positivism is a philosophical approach that can be applied to social sciences. The approach was founded upon the belief that phenomena of the human social world are no different from those of the natural inorganic and organic world (Unwin, 1992 p.31). As a result, the father of positivism (Kitchin, 2006 p.20), Auguste Comte felt that social phenomena should be studied using more scientific methodologies. Kitchin (2006) explains that this new approach, first presented in Comtes mid 19th century writings, focused on facts and truths that could be empirically proven and observed. Indeed the reasoning behind the coining of the term positivism was the approaches aim to prioritise actual truths. Comte demanded objective studies using replicable methods so that common laws could be generated, he was consequently dismissive of metaphysical and normative questions as they were seemingly impossible to answer from a scientific standpoint. As positivism grew in influence it branched into two main directions; logical positivism and critical rationalism (falsification). Logical positivism, a product of the Vienna Circle in the 1920s, revolves around the idea that a hypothesis should be set and vigorously tested until it becomes statistically true (Johnston et al, 2000). Popper (1976) on the other hand suggested the ideal that something is only true until it is disproved, therefore academics should be aiming to nullify hypotheses. In turn this becomes a more objective method as you are not biased toward satisfying the criteria within your own hypothesis. Of course there are flaws with both of these ideals. It is impossible to prove many things beyond a doubt, especially when dealing with processes as complicated as those applied to human geography; and not everything can be falsified, it is for example not possible to falsify something that cannot be directly tested. Nevertheless, these two strands of positivism played an important role in the application of the philosophy within human geography. Whilst positivism set the groundwork for the debates that are to follow, the quantitative revolution acted as the trigger. In the 1950s Geographys low reputation as a science led to an increase in positivist and quantitative approaches to human geography as the discipline attempted to legitimise itself by producing laws based on observational evidence (Unwin, 1992 p.106). Indeed geography had shifted dramatically from a traditional idiographic descriptive approach to that of a nomothetic, thriving on evidence and statistics. Of course both approaches are still present in contemporary geography, yet the rise in positivist research is undeniable. This of course leads us to the criticisms that one half of the geographical divide have levelled at their positivistic adversaries. As outlined in the introduction, most of the criticisms aimed at positivism in human geography are loosely based around its shallow nature, sweeping statements and lack of normative questions. The first major critique of the positivist approach is its over tendency to focus on space, this has been termed spatial fetishism. Livingstone (1992, p.328) goes as far as to suggest that Geographys confrontation with the vocabulary of logical positivism was a post hoc means of rationalizing its attempt to reconstitute itself as a spatial science. Geography should be covering more than just space and scales, indeed it is called human geography as its intent should be to uncover peoples experiences and interactions with the world and each other. It is certainly easy to criticise positivism if its purpose was to prioritise spatial science over other geographies. The progress of the discipline would certainly be limited if the majority of research was based only on quantitative spatial analysis a nd modelling. Sack (1980) agrees that positivistic geographys spatial feitsh has been at the expense of all other aspects of geography. Collinge (2005) argues that too much focus on distinctive spatial relations to society and social change can be deconstructive. He applauds and calls for a continuation of critique against geographies current understanding of space and society, instead suggesting that interactions between the two (the kind that can not be covered with mass generalisations) should be studied more closely with less focus on the distinction between the two dimensions. Whilst this effort by Collinge and indeed new feminist geographers is certainly noble, it is a relatively weak critique as it offers no real solution. Even so, as Collinge himself inferred, critique can actually be constructive, it does after all lead to further research and in turn further knowledge of the world. Continuing along the critique of positivist geographys spatial fetishism, Sack (1980) also claims that this focus on space actually serves to isolate space from time. This is yet another critique that suggests positivism to be deconstructive. Dynamism is at the heart of geography, particularly the human side. Quantitative studies can be taken, correlations and patterns can be observed, but the results are always going to be inherently subject to change. Indeed positivisms nomothetic approach aims to produce laws, but does not take all things into consideration. This is integral to Harveys (1973) argument as he claims that positivism ignores factors such as political and sociological shifts that can only be studied qualitively. However, that does not mean that positivism doesnt belong in geography. Even if we were to assume that positivism were only interested in spatial sciences, it is still a useful philosophy, as is quantitativism a useful tool. In a subject as dynamic as geography qualitative methods alone could not sufficiently understand the world. Whilst positivism is flawed and overgeneralising, and could even be said to be a form of spatial fetishism, quantitative research can produce quick results. This of course is vital in what is an ever changing landscape. To revert to the two main themes of critique outlined in the introduction, positivist studies are, or at least were, shallow natured both in terms of what, and how they analysed phenomena. As Spate (1960) explained, there is a need for quantitative geography, but the knowledge that is gained cannot be expressed purely in number form. It is starting now to become clear that the philosophical divide that exists within geography may not be such a bad thing after all. Positivist studies are acquiring the raw facts, all be it with at times a generalised attitude, but critics are expanding upon these facts, thus engineering a better working knowledge. Interestingly though, many of these criticisms are loosely based around the logical side of positivism. The potential usefulness of falsification (despite its flaws) in an ever changing subject is intriguing, in which case, truths need not necessarily always be truths. A second set of critiques target positivisms laissez faire attitude towards its research subjects. Perhaps the key figurehead behind this critique is David Harvey. Even in Harveys Explanation in Geography (1969, p.107), a book that wasnt exceptionally radical being one of his earlier works, saw that it would be foolish to suggest that all our outstanding substantive problems will be solved merely by the touch of the glittering wand of scientific explanation. By 1973 Harvey had become disheartened with the over reliance of positivist approaches within geography, not just because it so often failed to ask why things were as they were, but namely due to its neutrality and hence its inability to solve the problems that it so often uncovered. It was this silence and ineptitude which essentially explain(ed) the necessity for a revolution in geographic thought (Harvey, 1973). Harveys revolution namely resulted in the creation of both Marxist and Radical geographers (Kitchin, 2006). Indeed t he effects of this evolving geography are still felt today with the expansion of feminist geography amongst other groups. Once again we reach the divide within the discpilne. To quickly summarise and reiterate here, the dualism within geography and the critique of positivist approaches actually went as far as to create new branches of geography, something that can only be beneficial for research purposes as the subject has evolved to become more diversified than ever. Surely then the hunger for knowledge within geography is actually as great as it has ever been. Whilst Kwan and Schwanen (2009) argue that this antagonistic divide is only hindering progress, I would argue that based on this historical evidence, the critique between the two has actually helped geography evolve into a much more complex, and consequently more knowledgeable discipline. To return to this set of critiques though, it could be said that Harveys earlier quantitative interests (present in Harvey, 1969) only serve to show Harvey up as a hypocrite considering the radical reversal in his views. Indeed Harvey himself stated that by our theories you shall know us (Harvey, 1969 p.486). Of course if this were the case then it may serve to discredit his works. On the contrary, it actually shows the true degree to which he was discontented by the general ignorance of positivistic geography. His experience within quantitative studies actually gives extra validity to his arguments. The last of the main attacks on positivism targets the objectivity that is underpins the philosophy. Goodwin (2005) discusses the advent of humanistic geography, yet another offspring from the critics of positivism and its scientific and nomathetic approach. Humanistic geography aims to uncover the importance of ideal, cultures and languages within local geographies. Humanists argue that people cannot be modelled using sweeping scientific methodology, indeed independent thought prevents that, not to mention the fact that ideals cannot be mapped quantitatively. Ley (1974) argues that such phenomena can be mapped qualitatively though, actually visiting the areas that you wish to research. Upon researching geographies of gang culture Lay suggested that graffiti markings represent the language of space for members of the street gang culture (1974 p.218, cited in Goodwin, 2005 p.55). From a critical standpoint though, humanist geography can only ever achieve so much. There frankly arent e nough geographers, nor is there sufficient time to absolutely understand aoll of the emotional attachments and ideas that humans have relating to place, space and nature. To go back to an earlier point, geography is inherently dynamic. Positivism, if nothing else, can produce a relatively quick scientific (all be it shallow) representation of the world. Even if these laws do isolate time from space, the studies can be repeated so that new laws can be constructed. It is by no means perfect, but it is pragmatic. An example of where mass information is required is in government. With governments usually in power for just 4-5 years in the UK, actual raw figures are necessary so that policies can be planned and implemented within the partys term time. Such data is often acquired and analysed by positivist geography academics (Rhind, 1981). Of course we have to be careful not to rely solely on such quantitative studies or else important issues will go unnoticed and thus unsolved, but thanks to the evident divide, there is little chance of positivism ever totally dictating geographical research. It has become apparent that there are many critics of positivism and its application to human geography. The critiques themselves generally target the philosophies objectivity, generalising nature and and its shallow desire for fact alone. Yet there is a need for positivistic and quantitative approaches. These often sweeping studies that assume homogeneity are flawed in many ways, but they deliver actual results that are necessary for many institutions, furthermore they can quickly respond to changing laws within a dynamic environment. In conclusion it is clear that positivist approaches have become a necessary part of research within human geography, but the humanist side cannot be ignored. Much more can be learned about the world than numbers alone can ever represent. The need for a balance between quantitative and qualitative studies is obvious. Where Kwan and Shawanen claim that the confrontations between the two strands are detrimental to geographys progress, it should be contested that in actual fact the divide in opinion has been beneficial to the discipline. Critique and expansion have led to the creation of new divisions and understandings of geography, hence, wider knowledges.

Descriptive Language and The Lady of Shallot Essay -- The Lady of Shall

Descriptive Language and The Lady of Shallot In any piece of lyrical poetry, authors must masterfully use the language of the poem to covey the intended meaning. In order to ensure the meaning is not lost, it is imperative that the author incorporates various aspects of the narrative to escalate the poem past its face value. Alfred Tennyson’s poem â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† is no exception to the rule. From lines like â€Å"blue unclouded weather† and â€Å"the gemmy bridle glitter’d free†, one can draw that descriptive language is Tennyson’s tool to revealing the underlying meaning (Griffith 334). In each of the four parts of â€Å"The Lady of Shallot†, Tennyson uses descriptive language to convey his intended meaning to the audience. Tennyson uses Part I to show the setting of the poem, and introduces the Lady of Shallot to the audience. Part I starts off with a description of â€Å"Long fields of barley and†¦rye that clothe the wold (hilly, open country)† (Griffith 332). From this line in the opening stanza, the reader already gets a sense of where the poem takes place, a gently rolling countryside of utmost beauty. In the second stanza, lines like â€Å"Willows whiten, aspens quiver, little breezes dusk and shiver† further our mental picture of the setting (Griffith 332). Later in the stanza, we learn of â€Å"four gray walls, and four gray towers† and that â€Å"the silent isle imbowers the Lady of Shallot† (Griffith 332). Tennyson’s description in the last couple of lines of this stanza introduces the Lady of Shallot and gives a feeling of her isolation (which is quite important toward the poem’s meaning, and will be built on later in the piece). The final stanza in Part I tells how early morning workers â€Å"hear a song that echoes cheerly ... ...tiful and powerful. As soon as the Lady of Shallot decides to leave the tower, she knows her fate. And after she dies, the people of Camelot finally learn of the â€Å"fairy Lady of Shallot† (Griffith 332). Tennyson’s descriptive language in â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† is beautiful, and drastically enhances the meaning of the poem. The description of everything in the outside world is so vivid that it brings the Lady of Shallot to loose everything she has ever known. She is willing to give up her life to experience the brilliant things seen in her mirror†¦even if it is only for a few moments. Without Tennyson’s eloquent descriptiveness, â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† is much more than mere words. Bibliography: Work Cited Griffith, Kelley. â€Å"The Lady of Shallot† Narrative Fiction. Ed. Ted Buchholz. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 1994. 332-336.

Grade

Hem Courts Tribunals service was created on 1 April. It aims to ensure that All the different needs of citizens can get a fair treatment . It deal with about 800000 tribunal cases every year. One person has received her notice of tax due from inspector of tax and her tax capability has been admitted. I'm a tax adviser, if tappets, t can ask to me about the Adverse consequences, The non-tax payer must make her appeal to HUMOR in writing. The tax payer can use the appeal form( should contain the design letter) or appeal by letter. After sending appeal to HUMOR,she can ask foot delay the payment ate. Because the rise of the BRB(bank balance rate) make her LORD increase,and she can appeal for the overcharge part. She also need to explain the ambiguity,bound and amount of tax evasion and tax avoidance. HUMOR has two methods to calculate interest,one is calculate by date,from appeal submitted date to the normal filling date. The other is calculate by the unpaid amount. To avoid interest pe nalties,it should pay attention to that payment of tax should made by the due date,interest is payable on overpayment's of tax.By paying the amount in full,taxpayer can avoid interest penalties. Once she success,she can get the overpayment back. The interest on the overpayment will also return. By this way ,HUMOR show their sincerity apologize,to show their principle of equality and humanity. Most appeals are settled by agreement with HUMOR, This can improve the efficiency of handling cases. The precondition of settlement is taxpayer can tell his condition including Jobless,income sources reduced and personal accidents. The decision can be amended,tax payment amount,tax payment date and whether to pay the fine. He HUMOR will confirm the agreement base on both sides in writing and Release documents. He taxpayer also has right to Challenge some clauses in official documents. It shows the transparency of tax payment system. If she accept the agreement. Originally scheduled tax amount c an be amended,it cognizance the tax avoidance and tax evasion again. The amount of the tax evasion before can be understand as tax avoidance now. Penalties can be avoid by paying the owed tax fully by one-time. If her case can not make her satisfied,HUMOR still can offer her a review,and collect the information. He significance is tax evasion,to ensure HUMOR/S reputation in people. At NY times can use questionnaire to ask for HUMOR. If she don't accept the agreement,she can ask HUMOR to review their decision including tax amount,tax due and penalties or ask tribunal to consider her apparel. She can ask HUMOR to review the decision and then ask the tribunal to consider her appeal . But it can not be done at the same time. When reviewing,HUMOR will appoint a new officer who was not been involved with the decision before to ensure the objectivity. The new officer will evaluate the three points in last decision. He taxpayer should give discretion to the new officer in writing to let him review the decision. Hem Courts Tribunals service was created on 1 April. It aims to ensure that All the different needs of citizens can get a fair treatment . It deal with about 800000 tribunal cases every year. The tribunal is independent of HUMOR and is part of HEM courts and tribunals service. The non- taxpayer can use the notice of appeal form to appeal. It divides into First-tier Tribunals and Upper Tribunal. First tier tribunal belongs to court system. Of KICK,let is administered by Majesty Courts and Tribunals service.If the taxpayer's complaint ease denied by first-tier tribunals can appeal to upper tribunal,but it shout admit by first tribunal. Finally,it also methods before failed, she could ask the court of apparel for help. Cases If all of her income is lower than personal allowance, ashcan complete Thebes table and apply for HUMOR at the end of the year. ,or go to a bank to claim the deduction of tax. If she is not a taxpayer, she can put the money in the building soc iety. But she need to fill out ROR. Form need to contain the personal income, marital status, your spouse's income situation, length of tax-free time. Cause of her income tax is high sprayer, so he is eligible to apply for bank interest rates, If he didn't feel satisfied, can apply for a bank refund. He need to fill in ROR Tax Repayment Form to the bank for his deduction of interest at the end of the year. It must be in-time, Overdue don't wait. If you don't pay taxes, then there is no eligible for capital gains tax . Elf you want to get back the capital gains tax, HUMOR must investigate the people, the income of last year,list the other earning sources apart from income.The following may not be as a stumbling block to block access to high tax rebate. Such as basic or old-age ensign , Industrial Death Benefit and Widowed Parent's Allowance.. Case 3 On submission of the relevant information to the Inland Revenue,that taxpayer is given a tax code. Taxes code =(various allowance+on the Job training expenses)- additional income. The tax code is then formed by dropping the final digit from this sum. The letter after the number show the attribution of the tax code. Different letter show different area of the money.For example,LULL on behalf of E 8100 allowance. TO: this weeks or month's allowance used out. Personal allowance used out or the taxpayer has pay the tax before getting income. . The features of ordinary share & preference shares. Company's main source of capital n, distribution: Have earnings to pay dividends, no earning no dividends. 3). = if;Foxfire transfer, no limit Stock price is determined by the market E, ElfГГ ¶fishing risk: there is no due date, earnings uncertainty normally,issued with Face value voting rights ,One Share-One Vote 1 . If*1, FEM.;†preferred dividends, before common stock dividends 2. He Dividend is fixed, usually pay a certain percentage of the preferred stock value determined 3. WHQL*LSIГГ ¶Cirri, Divide nds can be accumulated, usually before he annual undistributed preferred stock dividends shall be paid before any dividends Seek preferred payments in the event of liquidation, ahead of the common stock Amounts of the Liquidation limited to their face value No voting rights or restricted voting rights 7. Participating preference share 8.Conversion rights 2. What are the different listing methods available to the company to issue shares to the public? POP-94 The following methods are available to a company that seeks its shares to be listed on the ELSE for the first time(a new issue) Public offer:include offer for sale&offer for subscription Public offers: 1 . Issue cost is invasive, offering to the public, purchaser including institutional investors and private investors. 2. Because it is offering to the public, Have sufficient opportunity to raise capital.Usually public offering is suitable for those company who need to raise large amount o capital. There are a lot of companies thr ough the capital market through PIP (initial public offering) complete the financing behavior.. Public issue including offer for subscription and offer for sale. Offer for subscription Is a form of public issue directly, the issue company need more professional ability n issue and put a lot of time and material costs, general enterprise does not have the capacity to complete. Offer for sale Is a public and indirect methods of issue..Arrange issuance by underwriters for the issuing company, Most companies do not have their own ability to issue shares, so more companies will choose offer for sale.. Potential investors can use the stock issuance of company in the newspaper public subscription method stated in the prospectus to issue stocks to subscribe the company plans to develop. Fixed price offer. The sponsor has identified the stock issue price Before a public stock offering . If it is oversubscribed , subscribe issued more than quantity,then make allocation on a prorate basis.If i t is underspecified u, subscription number less than issuing number.. Institutional investors often underwriters subscribe remainder and way for the time to market sales in the future.. During offer for subscription, if the stock can't be investors fully subscribed, The offering will be aborted. Tender offer Investors declare their purchase price, the sponsor determine a tricking price according to Investors ‘offer. II investors eventually according to the tricking price bestride the offering of shares.Placing On the issuing way of placing,most stock is north offered to public, But to the particular customer or a specific directional issue stock investors. Toby the issuer or the agent. Placing Is suitable for target specific investors,the cost of this method is lower than offer for subscription and offer for sale,and suitable for the company which the total value of the offer is low. Introduction This method is not involved in the issue of new shares, Just will have issued sha res introduced to be formally listed.Introduction only applies to the stock has been ideal distributed, Thus getting broader Thus getting broader after complete circulation after complete circulation, For example, domestic company stocks listed abroad Introduction do not apply to the company to raise capital in a short time Cause cancans:immediate causes. The directly cause of the damage. Example:the company equipment was damaged by the water,the cause cancans could be the water. Susan equations:underlying reasons. An intervening cause but not directly, Indirect cause loss. Example:a mobile phone may be broken due to the hitting,the poor quality may also e the cause.Subrogation-rights transfer-subrogation is the principle that occurred when the subject-matter policyholder caused by a third party liability after the insurance company pay to policyholder, ,the company shall have the right to recover claim amounts paid to a policyholder from a negligent third party. Example:the damage off child in school due to the negligent of the school The meaning of the principle of utmost good faith is to point to: insurance contract party conclude insurance contract, and in the period of validity of the contract, shall e provided to each other the all information which may influence the contract. T the same time definitely abide by the provisions of the contract and commitment. Otherwise ,the damaged party ,can refuse to perform the contract or ask compensation for the other party. Example: When the policyholder ask for a car insurance,the insurance company must check the car condition ,and take photo,the policyholder must give all information of the car including accident record. Particular risk is risk due to personal behavior. Example: Robbery,fighting or dangerous sport.

Essay The Great Gatsby - the Ku Klux Klan - 664 Words

The Great Gatsby - The Ku Klux Klan The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, provides a reflection on the societal issues and attitudes of a modernist, post-war era. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was an age of prosperity, consumerism and liberalism that led to unprecedented economic growth and significant changes in culture and lifestyle. The right to vote redefined women’s roles and gave rise to a â€Å"new breed† known as the flapper, that drank, wore excessive makeup, and flaunted her disdain for conventionalism. The introduction of prohibition led to an increased demand for black market alcohol and bootlegging, thereby providing a financial basis for organized crime. Despite the progression, the 1920s was an era of social tensions†¦show more content†¦Inspired by his viewing of The Birth Of A Nation, the second Ku Klux Klan was founded by William J. Simmons, a former Methodist preacher. The Klan emerged during the â€Å"nadir of American race relations† however the growth of the Klan developed in response to new anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic and prohibitionist agendas as a result of contemporary social beliefs. Members of the Ku Klux Klan promoted patriotism and the ideals of â€Å"One hundred percent Americanism†. They attacked modernist views, criticizing bootlegging, motion pictures and homosexual relationships, demanding stricter morality and a return to â€Å"pure† living. Whilst The Great Gatsby appears to portray modernist trends in social attitudes and behaviours, there are elements of Fitzgerald’s characters that reflect the xenophobic attitudes of the Ku Klux Klan. Tom Buchanan embodies the prejudicial views of his era, as his racism is evident from the beginning of the novel. 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It has been written in late 1925, the characters in the novel focus upon a fictional town of West Egg. The plot of the story depends over the mystifying millionaire, Jay Gatsby, who has an impetuous enthusiasm for one of the most beautiful women in town, Daisy Buchanan. The theme of the novel focuses upon the American Dream that shares the experiences of the revival of the World War

Parkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorder

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration and cell loss of the substantia nigra, which causes disturbances of voluntary motor control [5]. It impairs ones ability to produce movements and is commonly associated with difficulties of daily living. Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects approximately 1.5% to 2.0% of the population over the age of sixty years old [2] and â€Å"†¦ it is estimated that 6 million individuals worldwide are currently living with PD,† [7] (pg323). Parkinson’s sufferers often experience physical distress and an altered quality of life. Pathophysiology, Risk Factors and Diagnostic Techniques A popular joke among college science majors is â€Å"you make my dopamine levels go all silly,† in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain affecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system [1]. Among the basal ganglia network, clusters of nerve cells known as substantia nigra and their nuclei, synthesize dopamine by mesencephalic neurons [2]. It is the slow disintegration of substantia nigra that lead to Parkinson’s disease affectingShow MoreRelatedBiological Hazards And Physical Hazards1051 Words   |à ‚  5 Pagesresponse and related behavioral pathways through neural networks and interconnected neurohormonal and immune patterns. The capacity of human beings to learn about, imagine, remember, and anticipate stressful situations and their warning signs can create chronic states of vigilant arousal in the body. Besides, there are multiple individual differences that make some people more vulnerable to stress, where the identical stimuli cause exaggerated stress responses (ES-2014). Gene-environment interactions inRead MoreImplement And Monitor Nursing Care For Clients With Chronic Health Problems1427 Words   |  6 PagesClients with chronic health problems INTRODUCTION: Parkinson disease mainly defined as the death of certain brain cells. These brain cells mainly control the body parts movement and the coordination. The disease mainly decrease the mobility which leads difficulty in walking (Medline Plus, 2016). Currently, Parkinson has no known cause which mainly effect people to develop this disease. Many theories tells that there are several factors that are responsible to cause Parkinson diseaseRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1648 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s disease has been cataloged as one of the most serious and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects a wide array of motor and non-motor aspects that impact the function of a person. Afflicting over four million Americans and the second most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s continues to take its toll on the neurological health of many(Constantinescu et al, 2007 ). James Parkinson, a British physician first coined this disorder as â€Å"shakyRead MoreNot Only Is It Detrimental To The Social Development Of1604 Words   |  7 Pagesthat, â€Å"Many of these lifestyle changes have been shown to lower the risk of other diseases, like heart disease and diabetes, which have been linked to Alzheimer s† (Alzheimer s Association Organization). Even if evidence cannot definitively determine if these lifestyle changes directly relate to a prolonged life, there are correlations that have been developed in a multitude of studies. In terms of Parkinson’s disease, it has been proven time and time again that the slowing of motor function can beRead MoreNeurodevelopmental And Neurocognitive Disorders1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Jackeline Rodriguez Psy/410 September 10th, 2014 Caroline Simpson Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders â€Å"The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of severely disabling conditions that are among the most difficult to understand and treat. They make up about 3.2 percent of cases seen In inpatient settings (Sverd et al., 1995). They are considered to be the result of some structural differences in the brain that are usually evidentRead MorePotential Therapeutic Treatment Options For Psychiatric Disorders1442 Words   |  6 Pagesthe early 1990 s discovery of the naturally occurring endocannabinnoid receptors CB1 and CB2 in the human brain, preclinical and clinical trials focusing on plant derived cannabinnoids have begun to regain momentum. This paper focuses on the cannabinnoids Cannabidiol (CBD) and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) as potential therapeutic treatment options for psychiatric disorders. It contains an overview of studies and trials which used CBD and Δ9-THC to treat memory disorders, Schizophrenia,Read MoreWhy I Am A Master Degree840 Words   |  4 Pagesneurological disorders, and a professional program in neurological diseases is my aim. This is sparked by my gut-wrenchingly understanding of what my father, a patient with essential tremor, has been through. He was admitted into Sichuan University to study mechanical engineering; however, his tremble hands impeded him from sketching or writing, stultified his previous endeavors and evaporated his dreams. My father’s suffering is not an isolated case: millions of patients are plagued by these diseases. TheRead MoreParkinson’S Disease. Abstract. Parkinson’S Disease Is A2430 Words   |  10 PagesParkinson’s Disease Abstract Parkinson’s Disease is a very common disorder these days. Over 10 million people live daily with Parkinson worldwide. Parkinson’s Disease was named after an English surgeon James Parkinson who wrote a detailed description essay called Shaking Palsy in 1817. The average age for Parkinson’s Disease is between 45 to 70 years old but you can also have juvenile or young onset as well. Most common symptoms of Parkinson are tremors, bradykinesia or akinesia, or rigidity orRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreI Will Choose Gene Therapy1799 Words   |  8 PagesI will choose gene therapy for this assignment. According to Genetics Home reference (2015), â€Å"gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.† Gene therapy made many medical accomplishments in less than two decades (American Society of Gene Cell Therapy, 2015). According to American Society of Gene Cell Therapy

Essay on The Importance of Report Writing in Law Enforcment

Aaron Khamosh October 5, 2012 The Importance of Report Writing in Law Enforcement The popular notion nowadays regarding police work is that it is all about action and high-speed pursuits. However a less frequently mentioned aspect of police work is documentation in the form of police report writing but it serves as one of the most important tools that a police officer can utilize to help them do their jobs. Police report writing is important for a number of reasons, mainly because of the vast number of suspects that police officers deal with on a daily basis. So it is virtually impossible for any police officer to remember every detail of every case without making any notes. In some cases reports are subpoenaed even months down the†¦show more content†¦Police reports should be written immediately after debriefing to ensure that the details of what happened are accurate because as the saying goes: memory fades. The officer will also have to refer back to their reports if they are subpoenaed to a trial and will be cross-examined by the defense. The officer should be able to easily defend the facts that they inputted into the police report. A good police report serves as a great tool to determine innocence or guilt and can make or break a case, depending on how detailed or accurate it is or is not. Emphasis ought to be put into training officers on how to write effective and accurate reports so their hard work is not wasted when the suspects are brought to trial. Without a good report, police officers lose their effectiveness, because even if the suspect is brought in, they can be released later down the road if the police report lacked details, information, or accuracy. A police report is the starting point to any case. It helps to refresh an officer’s memory or to paint a picture of what happened at a crime scene if one was not there at the time. A police report can determine facts and can prove guilt or innocence. Police report writing is one of the most important parts of being an effective police officer. It is used as evidence and testimony in trials to help determine guilt or innocence. A good police report helps an officer be better at his