ANG KONSEPTONG PAPEL Essay

Awareness of the Parents about the K to 12 Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic.[1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. 12-Year Basic Education Cycle Universal Kindergarten Madaris Education Technical-Vocational Education Every Child a Reader by Grade One Science and Math Proficiency GASTPE (Gov. Assistance to Student and Teachers to Private Education) Medium of Instruction Quality Textbooks Covenant with LGUs The Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with a 10-year pre-university program. The majority who do not go to college are too young to enter the labor force. Thus, they would either be unemployed or be vulnerable to exploitative labor practices. Those who may be interested to set up businesses cannot legally enter into contracts. The few, (only 23%) who would proceed to tertiary education, usually have to undergo remedial and high school level classes in colleges and universities. Those who graduate (17%) may not be recognized as professionals abroad. The Washington Accord prescribes 12 years of basic education as an entry to recognition of engineering professionals. The Bologna Accord requires 12  years of education for university admission and practice of profession in European countries. We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding.† -Pres. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III Enhancement of the basic education curriculum is the central focus of K to 12. The enhanced curriculum will offer areas of specialization or electives such as science and technology, arts, sports, journalism, tech-voc, foreign language, entrepreneurship, and subjects for advanced placement.

“Catcher in the Rye” and “Rebel without a cause” Essay

When one both reads Catcher in the Rye and sees Rebel Without a Cause, he or she can’t help but wonder if the writers, Nicholas Ray and J.D. Salinger, somehow knew each other, or if one writer copied the ideas of the other. Jim Stark and Holden Caulfield, the two main characters of the stories, have so much in common that if they ever met one another, they would immediately become friends. The main theme that applies to both works is teenage rebellion. Holden and Jim seem to get into trouble often, which affects many different aspects of their lives, including their friends, family, school, location, and self-image. Holden’s and Jim’s parents have very similar attitudes towards their children. They both appear to spoil their children indefinitely, a common display of parents during the 1950’s. Jim’s father mentioned that he bought Jim everything he wants, including a car and bicycle. Holden said that his mother had recently sent ice skates to his school for him. Also, both parents show embarrassment of their children’s delinquent behavior. Neither Jim’s nor Holden’s fathers are good role models for their sons. Jim feels that his father is cowardly, weak, and a chicken. Holden’s father isn’t ever around, since Holden is always at one boarding school or another. Furthermore, both sons feel misunderstood by their parents. The major difference between Holden’s and Jim’s families is that Holden’s parents deal with his problems by sending him away to prep schools, whereas Jim’s parents try to be more involved in their son’s life and move with him from town to town. A minor difference in their families is that Jim is an only child, but Holden has three siblings. Holden does not really have any friends. He constantly criticizes and complains about the people he interacts with, rarely has anything positive to say about them, and does not consider anyone his real friend. Jim tries to make friends with the kids at his new school, but only succeeds in gaining two real ones. Plato, who is a social outcast at school, jumps at the chance to become Jim’s friend. Judy, however, makes fun of Jim with her friends until her boyfriend, Buzz, is killed. Then, she seeks comfort in Jim and they fall in love. Both the Jim and Holden feel like outcasts, which is a major part of their rebellion. However, where Jim tries to fit in and is  rejected by his peers, Holden does not make such attempts and he is the one who rejects his classmates. Neither Holden nor Jim fit into their schools. Holden has a lot of academic problems, although he appears to be a fairly intelligent boy. Jim, on the other hand, has social problems. In his previous schools, he had a tendency to beat up kids for calling him chicken. He also feels the need to keep his honor, and therefore participate in the â€Å"chickie fight† against Buzz, which leads to Buzz’s death. Holden seems to put in very little to no effort in his schoolwork and fitting in. He doesn’t really care that he flunks out of his classes. Jim’s academic life wasn’t really portrayed in the film, but he did try to fit in. When he was scolded for walking over the school’s insignia, he felt very sorry about it. Therefore, Jim is not always intentionally rebellious, but Holden’s rebellion is deliberate. Jim’s and Holden’s emotional confusion affect their lives similarly. Both are extremely misunderstood by both the public and their own families. Although they appear to be rebellious and tough, both have a more sensitive interior. They suffer from alienation from their families and peers, but Jim definitely strives towards acceptance while Holden does not. If Catcher in the Rye had been made into a movie, James Dean would have been the perfect actor to play the part of Holden, since his portrayal of Jim was so precise.

Cultural and sporting events Essay

Cultural and sporting events both possess strengths in the area of promoting community within an environment. The atmosphere created by each is a key factor in the ability of these events to foster community spirit within a region. These activities also contribute to the building of communities in other areas, such as financial economic development. Yet, the ways in which these two types of events do this are vastly different. The exploration of these methods, the different atmospheres created, as well as their impact on the community will offer insight into the contribution that sporting and cultural events make to community and society as a whole. One of the major differences to be found between sporting and cultural events is in the dominant motive for the existence of each. Sporting events are generally driven by the profit motive, and as such are often spectator events. People come mainly to view the games and cheer for given teams. If however, such a team is doing badly on the regional or international scene, members of the community might lose interest in attending that particular event. The sense of community that arises as a result of sporting events is therefore vastly different from that which comes about as a result of a cultural event. During a sport event, supporters of two or more teams are usually present. This creates a strong divide between those who support one team and those who are in favour of its rival. The tension present between these teams, though usually kept under control, does have the potential to create hostility and thereby shatter the community spirit. However, where there is healthy rivalry present, community spirit can be promoted and solidified at the end of the event when respect for the victorious team is freely given by its rival and their supporters. Also, in such cases where an underdog team triumphs, newly found appreciation for that team has the potential of strengthening the ties between the different communities involved—locally, regionally and internationally. In contrast, cultural events are usually traditional and annual events with little tension derived from competition. They are not necessarily driven by the profit motive, and supporters are usually quite loyal in their attendance. Some examples of such cultural events are Independence Day functions (in some countries), coronation services, arts and theatre events such as ballets, symphonies, and oratorios. The community of attendants to such events usually exists in a much more relaxed state, and because of the common traditions that are usually the progenitors of such an event, the attendants at a cultural event are usually more inclined to agree, share, and talk about the occurrences at such events. They share and enjoy a common enjoyment as they experience similar emotions in conjunction with the events. The ability of cultural events to promote community can further be seen in such artistic and cultural projects that promote the lifestyle and origins of certain cultures that might have been marginalised in society. Aboriginal culture shows and other minority showcases have the potential of making visible certain aspects of ethnic/minority culture that might have been ignored in former times (Fraser, 2006). Members of the majority have the opportunity of showing interest in these cultural aspects of the lives of marginalised members of society, and this has the advantage of creating and solidifying relationships among different members of a diverse society. Sporting events also have the capacity to do this. Allowing diversity to infiltrate sporting events promotes social inclusion and a stronger sense of community. Because sporting events are primarily viewed events (as opposed to participatory events) the persons who form the teams have the opportunity to set an example of inclusion and tolerance and thereby promote such community-building practices in the wider regions to which spectators belong. In the final analysis, it might appear that the cultural activities and events do a bit more than sporting events to promote community, as they offer very little occasion for rivalry. However, the ability of sporting events to promote community through inclusion and the potential for increased respect should not be overlooked. Reference Fraser, J. (2006). â€Å"Indigenous artistes at the Woodford Folk. † Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Online. Retrieved on January 21, 2007 from http://www. abc. net. au/message/blackarts/culture/s1658207. htm

New World Meets the Old World-Spanish Settlement in Texas Essay

New World Meets the Old World-Spanish Settlement in Texas - Essay Example The various changes forced the two cultures to adapt due to changes brought by conflicting cultures but the Native American culture was the most affected. This, the paper focuses on the impacts that arose from the conquest of Texas by the Spaniards and the degree to which the locals suffered from cultural deterioration and imposing of new culture (Bolton, 2011). The Mayans, Aztecs, and the Toltecs occupied the western hemisphere, which formed major societies in Texas before invasion of the Spaniards. The Native Americans were initially hunters and fruit gatherers. With the invasion of the Spaniards, it brought three different worlds of Africa, Europe, and America into contact. In 1492, there were tribal extermination and individuals due to clashes in culture between the Native Americans and the Spaniards. This caused many deaths due to deadly diseases, which were brought in by the European newcomers. If disease and deaths moved haphazardly, from one Spaniard to another, Christianity was not an exception as it went through the same direction. In America, early encounters involved early missionaries, which included both the Protestants and Catholics who worked towards converting the natives to the new Christian faith. Reverend John Elliot who worked as the bible translator in 1663 translated the bible into Massachusetts’s language. ... One native by the name Pueblo made efforts to fight back by forming revolts in 1680. The Indian rebels made efforts to expel the Spanish colonizers. During the revolt, Pueblo attacked many missionaries, punished the Christians converts, and burned numerous churches. While these effects affected the Spaniards, education and trade were moving in two directions. Europeans were highly educated in the society. In America, the Spaniard elites were in a position to read and write. Thus, they started to spread their culture this through schools. In this regard, the Harvard College was built up in the 17th century. This was followed by the Dartmouth College, which was built in the 18th century. This college was meant to serve just a few individuals in society. The Indians who taught the natives on geography, climate, and food facilitated education. This enabled the natives to plan on planting and harvesting crops and other economic activities for their sustenance. Trading became an economic a ctivity but it was carried in two different ways. At first, the Europeans were using American land to cultivate it and ship the harvest back home while making huge profits. Though precious metals were the most profitable, there was no sign of any in Texas. The Europeans found fur, which was in plenty as the raw materials they could ship home. In South East, they found the soft hides from the whitetail deer which could be scraped, packed and later shipped back to Europe to make gloves and aprons. According to Kessell (2003), it was common for the natives to hunt animals, process their pelts and later ship to Europe. The barter trade had numerous anomalies as the Native Americans were unfamiliar to the products that came from Europe but European countries

Quick Response Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quick Response Logistics - Essay Example First and foremost, the retailer can use this strategy to carry out research about customer needs and respond to their requirements. Having captured the customer requirements, the retailers can then design and manufacture the designer fashion within reasonable time and at relatively low cost. By adopting this, strategy, the retailer stands better chances of winning business since it will be operating effectively and efficiently at low cost. The returns are likely to be high for the company. As illustrated in the case of Zara, the concept of quick response logistics has significantly helped the company to gain a competitive advantage over the other rival competitors. The company operates very low inventory and it makes deliveries of the products to different retailers at least twice a week. The other notable aspect about the company is that it takes only four to five weeks to design a new collection and then about a week to manufacture it whereas other competitors will take almost double the time to do the same. This helps the company to be in a position to respond to the needs of the customers in time and the strategy also helps the company to cut costs in its

Concerns about Research Methods Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concerns about Research Methods Course - Essay Example I have been looking forward to this class on nursing research because of my impetus to generate and propagate the outcomes of this course for the betterment of the health care profession as well as for my own mental and intellectualistic growth. However, I think that I would like a course in nursing research methods better if more nurses came forward to enroll in research courses as that would have increased my interacting and communication skills. Secondly, it would have been appealing if more financial aid from the government was available for research courses. Qualitative research focuses on the principles of phenomenology as well as biological statistical methods and techniques, and I think that a class in nursing research will improve my effectiveness as a nurse. It will also help me in conducting a lot of interviews to study human consciousness, tabulating the results I receive, analyzing numerous case studies and mastering ethnography. I will be studying diverse human cultures and recording the results which will definitely increase my efficiency as a nurse. Inevitably, I will be a more effective nurse once this research course ends. Furthermore, the research course will improve my knowledge of scientific methods used for clinical practice, enhance my ability to recognize the symptoms of diseases and provide effective palliative care (Sirotnik

Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music - Assignment Example In a capitalistic society where achievement is equated with the demand for his work (and its profitability), even the most gifted artists are not spared from commercialization. Quite often beauty is defined by popular following and not by sheer artistry. With this mixture of art and commercialism in the music world, composers should face a challenging frontier in front of him to vie for success. He should balance the inventive search towards the noble and the new in the artistic society and the critical search for mass customer appeal in the business world. Given this let inalienable fact, let us now elaborate the necessary elements that composers should consider in producing his masterpiece. Just like in any field of art, music is a product of mixture of different elements artistically combined together to produce beautiful melodies. Before the ensemble became a concrete reality, a composer should initially brew up an idea. Ideas don't come naturally. It comes from numerous sources. It can come from adopting the sounds of nature, from another musical piece, or from sheer imagination. It can even come from a painful and moving experience. Almost any event that are deeply instilled in a person's emotional and mental faculties are rich sources for ideas. All it takes for a composer is to be keen to the changes that happen within and/or around him. Sources of Ideas Liftoff laid down several sources of ideas for composers based from the first-hand experiences of actual composers: The first is, as mentioned above, the environment where a person is. For a gifted artist, any stimulus is a potential source of ideas. Therefore a composer should develop astuteness in the picking up the signals in his environment to come up with creative concepts. Also by way of analysis to his environment, composers can create melodies and even possible lyrics for his next musical endeavour. Bob Dylan, for example, used music as a medium to convey his anti-war opinions and sentiments. Paul Simon and Arthur Garfunkel of the famed musical duo Simon and Garfunkel produced musical masterpieces on themes of friendship and social awareness. Another source of ideas is the analysis of his inner thoughts and feelings. This is why love songs are listened by different cultures everywhere. They convey the feelings one has towards his loved ones accompanied with musical tunes and melodies. Music is a powerful tool to express one's emotions. Through this a composer can deliver his joy, frustration, sorrow, or any other emotions using its power. A composer should also consider the theme of his work. It should have universal appeal. A good musical piece can enchant listeners across different cultures and boundaries. This is true especially now that, through technology, musical works can be transported and heard in different nations. Experiencing foreign cultures is another method by which a composer can generate ideas. The novelty and the unique experience that a person has in an unfamiliar culture and environment is a fertile soil where musical pieces can bloom. Each culture presents a unique and exciting musical style that can be partially used as raw material for future creations. A composer should also be updated to the latest musical pieces not only within his area but also in other nations. Most musical innovations

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Marketing - Essay Example By analyzing the current business situation of M&S, it will be possible for one to determine if the company should revise its way of serving customers, the way of market segmentation, or split its products into various target markets Macro factors that affect M&S These are the external factors that have an indirect impact on any company.   They include the political, social, technological, economical, and legal entities. For instance, in the legal entity, the government of UK has brought in energy saving organizations like â€Å"Green Tax† and â€Å"Change Levy† on the use of energy to lessen carbon dioxide by 30% and distributed subsidies to make improvements on subsidies. This has affected M&S positively in such a way that the company has been forced to launch an incentive policy in which stores can maintain the value of 15% of all savings it makes and above its moves. The move helps the company to save about 10% of its energy (Moiz, 2010). Micro Factors Marketing m anagement is obliged to attract customers and set up good relationships with them by initiating the satisfaction and worth of their preferences. Nevertheless, market practices are required to focus on the needs of the targeted consumers and also the need to recognize the impact of micro factors that include: Products M&S deals in clothing, house appliances, food, footwear, and gifts. When providing these goods and services, they have to focus on the quality, trust, innovate, and values given to its potential customers. Customers The company lives to the policy that customers are the most vital element to be considered and understood because they determine its future and success. M&S appreciates that customer satisfaction comes first before the product sales and thus gives high quality products and good services in order to raise the loyalty of its consumes. Markets M&S possessed stores in Hong Kong and Ireland, including 131 franchises food in 28 nations operating via a network of t hriving partnerships. It has recently opened a new market in Kirkgate, Leeds. Another coffee and heritage shop has been established right alongside the popular M&S clock in Kirkmarket. The retail environment however remains to be a challenge in the UK and other international regions. M&S has to take a step with regard to this factor by staying true to its values, listening to its potential clients, and constantly executing its strategy so ha the business can be stronger. Competitors While M&S focuses its operations on h quality of goods and services, its chief competitors, Tesco and Sainsbury focus theirs on the breadth of range, quality, and convenience. This company has a number of competitive advantages that have been in existence for a long time now. They include a recognizable brand name, and a stable supply connection. Specifically, M&S has its own exercise tight and market testing quality control. The great part of its operations is that it has kept customer loyalty as compar ed to its competitors. However, the worry is that Tesco and Sainsbury have established their stores globally as opposed to M&S, and thus the company has to check on this drawback (Moiz, 2010). The PEST framework analysis Definition This is a tool widely used o help in analyzing the social-cultural, economical, technological, and political changes in a given organizational environment. With the PEST analysis, one can get a

Experience in discipleship programs Personal Statement

Experience in discipleship programs - Personal Statement Example Then, the opening prayer was led by the pastor who also took the pulpit from the song leader as the program progresses. The topic discuss is wife's role in marriage. As an opener, the pastor refreshed his audience about the biblical duties of the wife as written in the Epistle of Paul to the Ephesians. This activity allowed both couples to participate yet more focus has been given to the wives because the lesson was specifically for them. This discipleship program lasted for an hour and ended with the couple's praying together in the church's altar benches. The next discipleship program which I attended is a one on one discussion between a pastor and a church member who wanted to become a "worker" in the ministry. In this denomination, a member cannot simply participate in duties like singing in the choir or being a musician without being having undergone the rigorous application process. The qualification of a worker goes beyond having the talent and willingness to conduct the duty but more on having the spiritual requirements set by the church. A worker should receive his salvation first before he can commit himself to any church duty. After communicating his desire to become a worker, he will then undergo an indoctrination process where the major doctrines, conduct of a worker, and the proper lifestyle of a worker is fully and thoroughly discussed. Thus, what I attended in is a part of the one-on-one indoctrination process which is a must for every worker. The meeting started with a candid conversation by the pastor and the applican t. I was also introduced to the applicant and was invited to share my thoughts in the discussion. Afterwards, the pastor led the opening prayer. He then reviewed what was discussed in the previous session and then moved on to the other topics. For each specific doctrine discussed, the pastor read supporting Bible verses for the applicant to note. Afterwards, he asks the applicant what he thinks about the doctrine and inquires if he has any questions or objections. At one point, the applicant has difficulty in accepting a Bible doctrine and I have seen how the pastor laboriously explained everything through the aid of Bible verses. The discussion ended with a prayer this time led by applicant. The applicant and I was treated a cup of coffee and slice of cake courtesy of the pastor's wife after the activity. Both activities have really inspired me in leading a discipleship program of my own in the future. In the first experience, the pastor have explained to me their Couple's Night is considered as a discipleship program because it basically teaches how a disciple should conduct himself in order to truly follow the Master. He told me that instead of being just a mere program, their church consider discipleship as a lifestyle which should be a venue where the proper Christian virtues should be taught by the pastor. I am really impressed at this pastor's earnest dedication in following the Lord Jesus Christ's commandment of making everyone disciples. I realized that really, a discipleship program is not just a matter of following some written program but in teaching the members how to live a Christian life through

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis Essay

The Future of Airline Operators amidst the Oil Crisis - Essay Example Theories abound the origin of oil, and like other forms of fossil fuel, is believed to have come from ancient animal and plant remains that was buried under soil and mud through a very long period of time and settled down into the Earth's crusts. The buried ancient animal and plant matter piled upon the Earth's crust and eventually compressed and heated by the Earth's immense internal pressure and temperature. The oil then seeped through the rock layers forming reservoirs, most of which are found in desserts, ocean bottoms, ice layers and many other external terrain formations (Wikipedia, 2006a). These oil reservoirs are being harvested right now by countries that were fortunate enough to have an oil reserve in their midsts, particularly in the Middle East where the most abundant oil reserves are found. These countries now form the organisation known as OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) which controls most of the world's oil supply and prices. While it seems like the suppl y of oil is unlimited it is not, the supply of oil is beginning to dwindle. ... d was way cheaper back in the period of the World Wars it was at these period that oil was still abundant and conflicts on the price and supply of oil were non-existent. The OPEC was not founded yet and inflation was not too much prevalent back then. Brandly (2004) the current oil crisis is predicted by Hubbert's Peak (or Hubbert's model or theory as some authors put it) which states and assumes that oil is non-renewable and that even though organic matter is currently added to the Earth's crust and that the rate of decomposition and conversion of this organic matter into crude oil will not catch up with the world's demand for oil. The 'peak' in Hubbert's Peak refers to the highest point of oil production at a certain area which will be soon followed by a sudden drop leading to a crisis. According to those who believe in Hubbert's theory, the world is now at its peak and is nearing another major oil crisis not because of political conflict but mainly due to a real short in oil supply . In a National Geographic article written by Appenzeller (2004), oil companies are now putting more human and financial resources in finding new oil sources. It only means that the actual crisis is happening not after the 1st drop of oil has been extracted but rather in the present when oil production is at its peak. The world is predicted to run out of oil in about 5 to 30 years from now. The oil shortage will not only affect transport and power generation, but also other factors as Amos (2004) reported, stating that oil process will affect birth rates, food prices and other commodities. This is especially true with Third World countries where the price of oil on the world market affects the basic commodities. Amos (200) points out that the economic depression will force people

Aerodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aerodynamics - Essay Example It corrects the destabilization and possible accident that may occur when one engine of a plane collapses or fails when flying. According to Gudmundsson (2014), a plane loses over 80% of the existing thrust levels when operating with two engines. The loss may cause huge damage unless critical response modalities are undertaken first hand to change and reconfigure the pitch attitude and drag predicament of the aircraft. When one engine cools off, the airspeed signal or indicator will move towards the red redial line that is located at the lower end of AS1. The redial indicator shows the VMC level at the point in time. If the red light indicates or moves to the 80-MPH mark on the AS1 then danger looms, as the unthinkable is prone to happen despite the full thrush that is produced by the functioning engine. As noted, the most critical moments that the airplanes engines are imperative are during takeoff or a few seconds after takeoff. During this time, the airspeed is at its lowest prompting the engines to develop maximum rated horsepower. The power is to guarantee speed and security of the plane and ensure that any fault is not recorded (Gudmundsson, 2014). If the engine quits or becomes dormant at the stage then the pilot has two options 1. The plane can proceed with the departure climb that will facilitate the asymmetric thrust from the single operating engine. This will cause the airplane to flip on its back effectively at a bank range of 5 degrees that is favorable. 2. The departure of the aircraft can be continued and climb on a single engine especially when the speed is sufficiently fast (Gudmundsson, 2014). The degree level of bank is a key determinant of VMC as it causes either increase or decrease in the VMC level or the speed of operation of the plane. 2 to 5 degree level is recommended for favorable VMC as compared to degree levels beyond 5 as such arrange may cause

Marketing Strategy and Economic Changes Essay Example for Free

Marketing Strategy and Economic Changes Essay Marketing Strategy and Economic Changes Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many organizations and business entities have developed and expanded their operations across the world as a result of the great developments which have been experienced in various economies across the world. One of the major issues that have contributed to the growth of organization is their strategies in marketing their products and services so that the consumers are aware of what they are offering. Marketing strategies when implemented properly often bring good returns to a company in terms of increased market share, increased sales as well as increase in the profitability(Larson, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Failure of a company to have effective marketing strategy can result in failure and collapse of the business since the company is not able to promote its products and influence the purchasing behaviour of the consumers (Parker, 2011). It is important that an organization should formulate a marketing strategy that will enable it realize its objectives and goals in the short and long run. However, there are changes in the economy which may affect the marketing strategies which an organization applies for its products so that it can be able to stay in the market. Economic issues such recession and depression in the economy may force a company or an organization to change the strategies and adopt new ones that will not affect the company negatively. Nike Inc is a multinational organization that deals in sportswear in terms of clothes as well as shoes for all groups of people(Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012). Nike Inc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nike Inc is a worldwide known brand of sportswear designer, manufacturer as well as distributor and seller across the world. The company is known to produce one of the top quality brands of products that are used across different sports in the world. The company has been in the forefront in ensuring that its marketing strategies are effective and capture the market as well as help it stay on top of the competition(Zakrevskaya, Mastracci, 2013). The marketing strategies which the company has been using include brand promotion and commercials with the endorsement of famous celebrities in the sports field. The company uses successful sports professionals, college teams as well as celebrities who they sponsor using their products(Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the successful sports professional such as Michael Jordan are seen by consumers to use the products of the company, there are high chances that the consumers will be influenced to purchase the products since someone that is successful has recommended them and also makes use of them(Larson, 2011). This marketing strategy of using celebrities and successful sports persons builds the notion in consumers that they too can have the same experience as the sports persons that use the same products and also show their association with the persons of their choice. The company has also made use of marketing segmentation as part of its marketing strategy. Nike Inc has majority of the sportsmen as its consumers (Nike: The Future Of Marketing, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, changes in the global economy can have negative impacts and influence the marketing strategies of the company. As mentioned earlier, economic factors such as the occurrence of recession, as well as depression are some of the economic factors which can influence and impact the marketing strategies of the company(DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The impacts of the economic changes can be analysed in terms of the effect on the competitive advantage of the company, targeting, market segmentation as well as positioning in addition to branding of products. Impacts of Economic Changes Competitive Advantage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic recession and depression are the major economic changes that can greatly affect the marketing strategies that Nike Inc applies. During the economic recession and depression, it means that there is less supply of cash and that people do not have enough to sustain their normal purchasingbehaviour(Zakrevskaya, Mastracci, 2013). The products that Nike Inc offers to the consumers, especially the sportsmen are often of high price. Recession and depression will mean that the company will have to look for new marketing strategies which can still help sustain its profitability. Sponsoring of the sportsmen is the primary marketing strategy which the company has used for many years and has been seen to be effective (OnurTaÅŸ, CunedioÄŸlu, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, during recession and depression, Nike Inc will be forced to forgo some of the sponsorships since it will not be able to sustain the sponsorships which are often free to the athletes in return for the athletes wearing the brands of the company(DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The company would want to reduce its costs in sponsoring during the recessions and depression since many people at this time do not have enough funds to spare which they can spend on high-end products such as those of Nike. Companies that produce substitute products which are cheaper will have an added advantage compared to Nike (Groucutt, Forsyth, Leadley, 2004). Consumers would want to purchase less of the high-end products hence accusing Nike Inc to lose its competitive advantage to the competitors that offer cheaper products. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nike Inc is a well-known brand and often uses marketing segmentation as a way of promoting is products. The market segment that the company has engaged in is the sportsmen segment in the market (DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc., 2012). The primary target has been athletes and people that engage in sporting activities across the world from different age groups. This means that the company relies heavily on sports to promote and sell its products. Therefore, when there is economic recession and depression, the company may want to adapt a new market segment, that of those that are not involved in sports(OnurTaÅŸ, CunedioÄŸlu, 2014). However, the marketing segmentation and targeting of the non-sporting groups will mean that the company has to adjust the pricing of its products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the targeting strategy of the company will be affected negatively since it will need to change from just sponsorship of the sportsmen but also to check on diversity of its products. Under positioning in the market, Nike Inc has been able to position itself strategically across the globe in many countries(Zakrevskaya, Mastracci, 2013). The company operates in different countries hence has a global presence which is good for the company. The economic recession and depression will not have a major impact on the positioning of the company as it already has a global presence. However, it may have to look at other markets that are developing where the market may not be greatly affected by the changes in the global economy(MacEwan, Miller, 2011). Branding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other aspect of marketing strategy that may be affected by the negative economic changes in the global economy is branding. Nike Inc has been observed to have a strong brand that commands a huge market share as compared to other competitors(Lee, Ha, 2012). The branding of the company’s product will not be affected since the company has a fully established brand that is well known and has a great market share in sports. Impact on Consumer Behaviour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Changes in the global economy, especially issues such as recession and depression in the economy will have an impact on the consumer behaviour and how they make their purchasing decisions; especially regarding the products of Nike Inc(MacEwan, Miller, 2011). Consumers depend on their income to purchase products and when the global economy faces issue such as recession and depression, their income is likely to be affected. Therefore, the consumers in this case will shy away from high-end products since they are expensive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the law of demand, when the price of an item is high, there are chances that the demand may decline. Income is a determinant factor hence the purchasing behaviour of the consumers will change with consumers seeking for more urgent needs such as food and clothing and other needs instead of spending their money on sportswear (Zakrevskaya, Mastracci, 2013). Therefore, Nike will be forced to seek alternative marketing strategy which will still appeal to the consumers such as offering of discounts and providing affordable products. Consumers during recession and depression will often seek for substitute products that can still function the same way as the primary product hence they will opt to purchase other types of clothing that can still perform the functions of Nike products. Growth Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The global economy is constantly experiencing growth which continues to create opportunities for many companies in the world, Nike Inc included, to grow and expand on their business. Nike Inc has potential for growth in various areas based on the technological developments which have continued to increase innovation and creativity (MacEwan, Miller, 2011). Furthermore, the many policies in various countries on business have been changed to open up borders for international trade in various countries across the world which means an increase in the potential market for the products of the company. The growth opportunities that the company has include the growing global market for footwear as well as the growing opportunity in online retail. Global footwear market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the recent years, there has been tremendous growth that has been experienced in the global market on footwear which provides Nike with an excellent opportunity to grow its business (NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). The company has a strong brand portfolio as well as strong marketing strategies which if properly managed will enhance the business. As mentioned, there has been a lot of reduction in trade barriers in many countries across the world through trade treaties which have opened up new markets especially bin developing countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The global market for footwear has grown over the years and in the year 2012; the revenue generated amounted to about $256.6 billion. The European markets as well as the Asian markets have also experienced growth over the years which provide a great opportunity for the growth of the company (Lee, Ha, 2012). The global footwear market is poised to grow a lot and hence Nike should take up the opportunity since there is a growing demand among consumers for footwear products that are comfortable. Online Retail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other growth opportunity that Nike Inc has is online retailing. Over the years, there has been a growing trend among consumers to make purchases online as a result of the technological as well as the development of the internet(NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 2014). Consumers over the recent past have been seen to prefer online purchasing which they consider to be affordable, efficient as well as convenient. Therefore, Nike Inc, through its website and creation of an online store for its products, can growth in the future (Larson, 2011). References DATAMONITOR: NIKE, Inc. (2012). NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-10. Groucutt, J., Forsyth, P., Leadley, P. (2004).Marketing: Essential principles, new realities. London [u.a.: Kogan Page. Larson, D. (2011). Global Brand Management Nikes Global Brand.ISM Journal OfInternational Business, 1(3), 1-14. Lee, K., Ha, I. â€Å".(2012). Exploring the Impacts of Key Economic Indicators and Economic Recessions in the Restaurant Industry.Journal Of Hospitality Marketing Management, 21(3), 330-343 MacEwan, A., Miller, J. A. (2011).Economic collapse, economic change: Getting to the roots of the crisis. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis. (2014). NIKE, Inc. SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Nike: The Future Of Marketing. (2012). Marketing (00253650), 28. OnurTaÅŸ, B. K., CunedioÄŸlu, H. E. (2014). HOW CAN RECESSIONS BE BROUGHT TO AN END? EFFECTS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY ACTIONS ON DURATIONS OF RECESSIONS.Journal Of Applied Economics, 17(1), 179-198. Parker, J. A. (2011).On Measuring the Effects of Fiscal Policy in Recessions.Journal OfEconomic Literature, 49(3), 703-718. Zakrevskaya, O., Mastracci, S. (2013). Differential Effects of the Great Recession by Household Type.Challenge (05775132), 56(6), 87-114. Source document

Theory And Practice Of Supervision

Theory And Practice Of Supervision Supervision theories and practices began emerging as soon as counsellors started to train other counsellors (Bernard Goodyear, 2009). Several different theoretical models have developed to clarify and support counselling supervision. The focus of early models of supervision had generally been based on counselling theories (such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Adlerian or client-centred), but these orientation-specific models have begun to be challenged as supervision has many characteristics that are different to counselling. Competency as a counsellor does not automatically translate into competency as a supervisor, and when supervisee/supervisor orientations differ, conflicts may arise (Falender Safranske, 2004). More recent models of supervision have integrated theories from psychology and other disciplines, for one-to-one, peer and group supervision. As supervision has become more focused, different types of models emerged, such as developmental models, integrated models, and agency models. As a result, these models have to some extent replaced the original counselling theory models of supervision, and supervisors may utilise several different models to qualify and simplify the complexities of supervision (Powell, 1993). This paper will briefly look at a definition of supervision, and an outline of two different models agency and developmental. What is Supervision? Supervision is the process where by a counsellor can speak to someone who is trained to identify any psychological or behavioural changes in the counsellor that could be due to an inability to cope with issues of one or more clients. A supervisor is also responsible for challenging practices and procedures, developing improved or different techniques, and informing clients of alternative theories and/or new practices, as well as industry changes. The supportive and educative process of supervision is aimed toward assisting supervisees in the application of counselling theory and techniques to client concerns (Bernard Goodyear, 2009). The supervisor is responsible for monitoring the mental health of their supervisee, in turn protecting the public from unhealthy counsellors. Counsellors can face issues such as transference and burn out without any recognition of the symptoms. A supervisor should notice the symptoms before the counsellor (Australian Counsellors Association, 2009). Supervision is a formal arrangement for counsellors to discuss their work regularly with someone who is experienced in counselling and supervision. The task is to work together to ensure and develop the efficiency of the counsellor/client relationship, maintain adequate standards of counselling and a method of consultancy to widen the horizons of an experienced practitioner (ACA, 2009). The supervisors primary role is to ensure that their clients are receiving appropriate therapeutic counselling. By ensuring the counsellor continually develops their professional practice in all areas, the supervisor ensures a counsellor remains psychologically healthy. The supervisor is also responsible for detecting any symptoms of burn out, transference or hidden agendas in the supervisee. The Australian Counsellors Association (2009) recommends that supervisors cover the following as a matter of course: Evaluation Supervisees counselling; Developing process of self-review; Quality assurance; Best practice; Service outcomes of service delivery; Identifying risk for supervisee and clients; Referrals; Follow up on client progress; Helping the counsellor assess strengths and weaknesses. Education Establishing clear goals for further sessions; Providing resources; Modelling; Explaining the rationale behind a suggested intervention and visa versa; Professional development; Interpreting significant events in the therapy session; Convergent and divergent thinking; Use of self; Topping up; Facilitating peer connection; Duty of care; Legal responsibilities. Administration Procedures; Paperwork; Links; Accounting; Case planning; Record keeping; Insurance. Support Advocate; Challenge; Confront; Empower; Affirm; Availability; Empowering; Use of self. A range of different models have evolved to provide a framework for these topics within which supervisors of can organize their approaches to supervision, and act as an aid to understanding reality (Powell, 1993). Agency Model of Supervision Kadushin Kadushin describes a supervisor as someone to whom authority is delegated to direct, coordinate, enhance, and evaluate on-the-job performance of the supervisees for whose work he/she is held accountable. In implementing this responsibility, the supervisor performs administrative, educational, and supportive functions in interaction with the supervisee in the context of a positive relationship (Powell, 1993). In educational supervision the primary issue for Kadushin is the counsellor knowing how to perform their job well and to be accountable for work performed, and developing skills through learning and feedback. The object is to increase understanding and improve skill levels by encouraging reflection on, and exploration of the work (Tsui, 2005). In supportive supervision the primary issue is counsellor morale and job satisfaction, as well as dealing with stress. The stresses and pressures of the coaching role can affect work performance and take its toll psychologically and physically. In extreme and prolonged situations these may ultimately lead to burnout. The supervisors role is to help the counsellor manage that stress more effectively and provide re-assurance and emotional support (Tsui, 2005). The administrative function is the promotion and maintenance of good standards of work and adherence to organisational policies and good practice. This includes reviews and assessments. The interpretation here is that the supervisor inducts the counsellor into the norms, values and best practices. It is the community of practice dimension ensuring that standards are maintained (Tsui, 2005. Not every supervision session will involve all three areas or functions, and at different times there may be more of a focus on one area rather than another. The supervisor cannot avoid the pressure that arises from their responsibility to the workplace, other staff, and to clients. No simple model of supervision is to be expected to be practical in every situation. Supervisors are expected to adapt approaches to the developmental level of supervisees, and both must adapt to the varying demands of any professional situation (Powell, 1993). For this model, the focus of supervision is as a prompt for behavioural change and skill acquisition. The emphasis is on persuading staff to learn how to use oneself in counselling to promote behavioural change in the client (Powell, 1993). The supervisors attention should be on the activities of the supervisee rather than on study of the supervisee themselves. With a focus on the activity, rather than the worker, it allows the supervisee to listen to constructive criticism rather than feeling compelled to defend themselves from a personal attack (Tsui, 2005). This model has several strengths in that it is very flexible, and open to exploration and experimentation. It is also more challenging for both the supervisor and supervisee. This style of supervision can be tailored to meet different needs and variables. This model may prove unsatisfactory when the supervisor has insufficient experience to be able to provide proper direction and support, and where supervisor skills do not allow for appropriate evaluation of the supervisee (Powell, 1993). Developmental Models of Supervision Erskine Underlying developmental models of supervision is the notion that as people and counsellors we are continuously growing and maturing; like all people we develop over time, and this development and is a process with stages or phases that are predictable. In general, developmental models of supervision define progressive stages of supervisee development from novice to expert, each stage consisting of discrete characteristics and skills (Bradley Ladany, 2000). For example, supervisees at the beginning or novice stage would be expected to have limited skills and lack confidence as counsellors, while middle stage supervisees might have more skill and confidence and have conflicting feelings about perceived independence/dependence on the supervisor. A supervisee in a later developmental stage is expected to employ good problem-solving skills and be reflective about the counselling and supervisory process (Haynes, Corey, Moulton, 2003). Erskine (1982) identifies three stages in the development of the skills of a therapist, each of which represents specific characteristics and responds to specific training needs. In the beginning stage of training, therapists have operational needs as they are developing professional skills, a sound theoretical reference system, and intervention techniques. They also have emotional needs: to feel comfortable in their professional role, to be reassured of their ability to do the work, and to feel adequate to act in this new undertaking. This is the stage at which trainees most need positive motivations centred on their skills so that they can know their strengths and on which they can build their skills. Erskine (1982) suggests temporarily ignoring what the trainee does not do well so as to reduce any feelings of inadequacy and to support self esteem, provided this does not cause harm to the trainee or clients. During the intermediate stage of training, Erskine proposes that trainees need to reinforce their personal identity as therapists, learn to define the direction of treatment, and draw up a treatment plan. At the personal level, their goal is to integrate their sense of self and to work on their emotions in order to understand and solve any personal difficulties that might create obstacles to their contact with clients. According to Erskine, in this second phase, trainees personal therapy is of highest importance (Bradley Ladany, 2000). During the advanced stage of training, trainees need to learn various approaches and to integrate theoretical frameworks, to recognise alternative interventions, and to choose among them so as to encourage flexibility. Trainees must also practise self-supervision and learn to differentiate between observations of behaviour, and theorising about observations (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987). One of the potential drawbacks of developmental models is that not only do people learn in different ways but they also develop at diverse speeds, in varied areas. The development model does not show how the supervisee develops and moves from one stage to the next, and how this progress is connected to the supervision process (Bradley Ladany, 2000). For this model, it is necessary to modify the relationship to meet the supervisees needs based on their current developmental level. Supervisors employing a development approach to supervision need to be able to accurately identify the supervisees current stage of development and provide feedback and support appropriate to that developmental stage, while at the same time assisting the supervisees advancement to the next stage (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987) Commonalities Regardless of the model used or theoretical background, any model or theory of supervision should cover some common fundamental principles. Supervisors are responsible for the professional developmental of those under supervision. These responsibilities involve issues such as informed consent, confidentiality, and dual relationships (ACA, 2009). Ethical and legal concerns are central to supervision. The balance between a supervisory relationship and a therapeutic one only becomes a problem when the supervisor discovers that personal problems hold back the supervisee. The supervisory relationship becomes a dual relationship if the supervisor tries to become the students therapist. A dual relationship is considered unethical (Powell, 1993). Dual relationships can occur in different ways. A supervisory relationship can develop into a close, emotional relationship between supervisor and supervisee. The supervisory relationship will in this situation be less effective and supervision should not continue. In consensual relationships the emotional relationship can continue; however, the professional relationship has to end. The supervisory relationship needs to be governed by the same ethical principle as is the therapeutic process (Powell, 1993). Different ways of evaluating the supervisory process are important both for the supervisor and the supervisee. Establishing a contract for the supervisory relationship makes evaluation easier. The contract should include the students developmental needs, the supervisors competencies, and supervisory goals and methods (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987). Throughout the supervision process, the supervisor is responsible for evaluating the quality of the supervisory relationship (Powell, 1993). This responsibility especially comes to bear when a conflict arises or an impasse develops. Investigating problems and challenges often begins with asking questions about various aspects of the supervisory relationship. When asking these questions, it is important to consider not only how the counsellor may be contributing to a problem but also how the supervisor may be contributing. The supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that confidentiality is maintained, and any information obtained in a clinical or consulting relationship is discussed only for professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with the case (ACA, 2009). Conclusion Supervision is not a senior counsellor watching over the shoulder of a new or junior counsellor. Nor is it a conversation between two practitioners, or a dialogue of personal matters with a counsellor. It is a distinct intervention, to enhance professional functioning and monitor the quality of counselling services being provided (Bernard Goodyear, 2009). Clinical supervision is a complex activity; it can be education or support, assists with confidence or doubts, it can process through different levels or stages. The competent clinical supervisor must embrace not only the domain of psychological science, but also the domains of client service and trainee development. The competent supervisor must not only comprehend how these various knowledge bases are connected, but also apply them to the individual case (Bradley Ladany, 2000). The purpose is to help identify obstacles that prevent the supervisee from learning, growing and ultimately helping their client. No matter what theoretical framework is used, supervision can be used as a means to develop professionally. Like any other relationship in life it is not perfect, nor is it an answer to every problem. Like any other relationship, it is necessary to be honest, consistent, and dependable, and work hard to build trust. Supervisors and supervisees have to work together to make it successful. Powell (1993) theorised that the emphasis should not be on why a counsellor feels a certain way, but on being able to put a end to behaviours that inhibit change. Powell advises professionals to develop their own model of supervision in order to understand what one is doing and why. Whatever model of supervision if employed, a supervisor should seek to encourage ongoing professional education, challenge the supervisee to improve their skills and techniques A supervisor should intervene where client welfare is at risk, and ensure that ethical guidelines and professional standards are maintained. A supervisee should endeavour to uphold ethical guidelines and professional standards, be open to change and alternative methods of practice, maintain a commitment to continuing education and consult the supervisor in cases of emergency. Supervision, regardless of any model used, should enable counsellors to acquire new professional and personal insights through their own experiences. REFERENCES Australian Counsellors Association (2009). Professional Supervision. Accessed 2nd February 2010. http://www.theaca.net.au/docs/Supervision_Complete.pdf Bernard, J. M., Goodyear, R. K. (2009). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon. Bradley, L.J., Ladany, N. (2000). Counsellor Supervision: Principles, Process and Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routlege. Erskine, R. G. (1982). Supervision for psychotherapy: Models for professional development. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 314-321. Falender, C. A., Shafranske, E. P. (2004). Clinical supervision: A competency-based approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Haynes, R., Corey, G., Moulton, P. (2003). Clinical supervision in the helping professions: A practical guide. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Powell, D. (1993). A developmental approach to supervision. In Clinical supervision in alcohol and drug abuse counselling. (p. 58-84). New York, NY: Lexington Books. Stoltenberg, C. D., Delworth, U. (1987). Supervising counsellors and therapists. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Tsui, Ming-Sum (2005). Social work supervision: contexts and concepts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Literature Review of Microclimate: Senzo Tembe

Literature Review of Microclimate: Senzo Tembe This section of my project shows a series of studies and research done by other people which have a close relation to the experiment that I’ve worked on. Microclimate is the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area. (Grade 12 geography focus book.) This reference helps me determine whether my hypothesis is true or not, comparing the quads at Michaelhouse. Historical background to the Saudi Arabian heritage, author Talib, Kaizer analyses different types of living environment with close precautions to microclimate in those particular zones, and the concomitant effect on vernacular buildings.(author Kaizer Talib) Quads such as Main quad have buildings which surround it, Talib Kaizer’s reference participates well in my study. Different types of species were grown in the same aerial environment, temperatures ranging from 5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° to 35à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C these were to determine whether species of different grass have an effect on temperature. Weight of foliage’s were taken to ratio, the usage of maximum yield of foliage’s were taken to find the optimum soil temperatures of the species that was tested. According to the ratio scale it was found that ratio was lowest at optimum soil temperature and was higher at soil temperatures above and below the optimum with slight exceptions. Ratios showed that partitioning of photosynthate is controlled by the rates of photosynthesis and root absorption. (According to R.L. Davidson, oxford university press.) The reference above also helps prove that the quads in my experiment will have an effect on the surface temperature of quads that contain more grass than others with less grass. Graph showing inverse proportion: In Tokyo an investigation was set to see whether land-use and anthropogenic heat (heat produced by humans.) on surface temperature. Sub-grid parametrization scheme which calculates the total surface heat composed on different surfaces, over 36 days in Tokyo the investigation was run in summer and majority of the days the investigation went on for it was particularly typical summer weather (clear skies, negligible gradient winds etc..). Anthropogenic heat was much larger at night, and was found that green vegetation areas including grass were more dominant during the day than at night (resource article by F. Kimura.) At a boarding school such as Michaelhouse with 550 boys excluding staff will also have a great effect on the surface temperature while my study was being taken. The urban heat island effect has been documented in many cities, one of the causes of urban heat island effect is of green spaces such as trees, grass etc†¦ being removed and replaced with city buildings. This causes elevation in temperature, increasing the population of trees in cities can lower the urban heat island effect. The case studied heat produced by green spaces and heat produced by manufactured city buildings was measured using a thermal satellite imagery, 143 sites were chosen and if every unit conducted in this predicament case study had to increase the green spaces slightly the surface temperatures would decrease by an amount of 1.2à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. (A Terre haute case study, by P.J. Hardin and R.R Jenson). Michaelhouse is a very conservative school when it comes to trees, the amount of trees could disagree to my hypothesis and the effects of the surface temperature. Urbanisation process is one that influences the thermal balance of a certain area, cities are commonly several degrees hotter than a surrounding rural settlement. Urbanisation forces heat to increase in the CBD and urban areas surrounding the CBD, heat causes increase of electricity bills, and also making it very uncomfortable. Heat waves increase risks of sickness spreading around easier. In Manchester, United Kingdom this case study on how the effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area, months June and July 2009 and 2010. Small plots were specifically chosen for the study, areas which obtained both concrete and grass with/without the presence of tree shade surface temperatures composed. Global temperatures above each surface was tested, surface and shade affected the temperature greatly. Between the tree shade and the grass, grass de-elevated the temperature by up to 24à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, while tree shade only affected the temperature by decreasing up to 19à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. With no involvement to my hypothesis tree shade decreased the global temperature by 5à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °-7à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C, this case study showed that trees have an influence to global temperature cooling and both tree shade and grass have a natural cooling system towards surface temperature. (Article by author D. Armson). Michaelhouse is located in a rural area which therefore makes temperature in the site lower the populated areas such as towns. Anthropogenic influences on climate are emissions of greenhouse gases and urbanisation. Differentiating the two on which has more of an affect to surface temperature is a difficult process since being that both parties increase the daily mean surface temperature. Urbanisation was compared to agricultural areas nearby, the results differed significantly, and reasons of the big differences between the two may have been the effect of population difference. (Eugenia Kalnay and Ming Cai.) This quote by Eugenia Kalnay and Ming Cai states the same as the above reference by author D. Armson Surface temperature has been reconstructed to hemispheric and global scale using proxy data for decadal to centennial climate changes in last two thousand years. Not many years ago more modern and accurate complementary methods and data were thoroughly tested and validated from experimenting with model simulations. â€Å"Knowledge about climate in past centuries can improve peoples’ understanding of natural climate variability, and address the question whether modern day climate changes are unprecedented in years to come.† (Summarised quote by Michael E. Mann). Many proxy data studies have emphasized on global and hemispheric mean temperatures in previous years, and some studies have tried to reconstruct the underlying spatial patterns of past surface temperature changes globally and in regional scales. Recent attempts to find out the hemispheric temperatures used the composite plus scale method, using proxy data such as tree rings and ice cores are standardized and centred are then composited to form hemispheric and regional series(Michael E. Mann). Theoretical models of surface temperatures oscillations are derived, diurnal and annual are donated amplitude and phase of lag, in terms of external conditions physical properties of soil and atmosphere. Physico-mathematical basis is the explanation of various microclimate characteristics. (Heinz Lettau) Wind speed: The fundamental atmospheric rate. It is commonly measured in knots by an instrument called the anemometer.(Oxford dictionary) In my study of the wind speed at Michaelhouse was used in rotations of the anemometer that I had created. The circulation that causes air to move is called atmospheric pressure, this atmospheric pressure is the weight of atmosphere pressing down towards the Earths’ surface. The global temperature affects the circulation of air flow, in high temperatures air expands and rises, and therefore sinks in low temperatures. (Focus, grade 12 geography text book.) Over a few years new mathematical functions have been proposed for wind speed density, the most commonly used function had come across in studies to be inadequate in finding the correct wind speed density, this function is called the two-parameter Weibull function. Whether the two-parameter function is unimodal or bimodal nature, due to the intricate behaviour of the function inadequate. This prevents it to be modelled by two-parameters model. Unimodal is produced by the two-parameter if it’s bimodal nature which makes it simply inadequate to model appropriately. Recent years other functions have been suggested for both uni/bimodal natured functions, more involved functions to better model the distributions.(A.N. Celik, author) Throughout the five days of gathering data the wind speed was different on every day. â€Å"The main factors that affect the wind direction and speed are the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and friction. These particular factors cause winds to blow at different directions and different speeds; when they are working together.†(By Annalou Mack, Sciences 360, atmosphere and weather.) Bibliography: Armson, D. (2012). The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperature in an urban area. Urban forestry and Urban greening, Abstract. Bonan, B. G. (2008). Forest and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forest. science, Abstract. Cai, M. a. (2003, May 29). Impact of urbanisation and land-use change on climate. Letters to nature, Abstract. Celik, N. A. (2010). Critical evaluation of wind speed frequency distribution functions. Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, Abstract. Davidson, R. (1968, December 28). Effect of root/leaf temperature differentials on root/shoot ratios in some pasture grasses and clover. Oxford index, Abstract. Dilley, L. E.-B. (2006). Focus. Cape town: Maskew Miller Longman. Graham, E. R. (1987). Sea surface temperature, sea wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Graham and Barnet, Abstract. Hardin, J. P. (2007, May 25). The effect of urban leaf area on summertime urban surface kinetic temperatures. A Terre Haute case study, Abstract. Kimura, F. (1989, June 6). The effects of land use and anthropogenic heating on the surface temperature in the tokyo metropolitan. Atmospheric environment. Part B, urban atmosphere, Abstract. Lei, M. (2009). A review on the forcasting of the wind speed and generated power. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Absract. Lettau, H. (1951). Theory of surface temperature and heat transfer oscillations near a level ground surface. American geophysical union, Abstract. Mack, A. (2006). Sciences 360. Atmosphere and weather, 1. Mann, E. M. (2007, November 20). Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past millennia. Surface temperature reconstruction for the last 2,000 years, 5. Talib, K. (1984). Shelter in Saudi Arabia. New york: Academy editions. Tsuruta, S. (2002). Confronting neutron star cooling theories with new observations. The astrophysical journal letters, Abstract. Senzo Tembe Effective Leadership Studies: Theodore Roosevelt Effective Leadership Studies: Theodore Roosevelt Daniel J. Safarik Theodore Roosevelt: Hero, Leader, Mentor Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt was many things. He was a civil servant, a war hero, and guardian of human rights. Roosevelts success has inspired many Americans throughout history. However, there was one man that he took under his wing and molded into his successor. Roosevelt was able to impact this mans life for years and led him to the presidency. Who did your leader mentor? The person that Roosevelt inspired and mentored the most was William Taft, the 27th President of the United States and Supreme Court Justice. Tafts professional relationship with Roosevelt began when Teddy offered him a seat on the Supreme Court, which he turned down to finish his duties as governor of the Philippines (William Taft: Life in Brief, 2017). This relationship would eventually lead Roosevelt to encourage Taft to run for president. Roosevelts endorsement would lead to Tafts 1908 victory. How did they mentor that person? Roosevelt began professionally mentoring Taft in 1903 when Roosevelt named Taft his Secretary of War. Taft became Roosevelts closest confidant and two worked very closely on many projects including the Portsmouth Peace negotiations, which ended the war between Japan and Russia. When Taft was elected in 1908 he used the tactics and skills he learned under Roosevelt. Taft continued Roosevelts goal of expanding U.S. foreign trade in South and Central America, as well as in Asia (William Taft: Life in Brief, 2017). Although Tafts presidency in many ways did not work out how Roosevelt had foreseen, it is clear that Taft was impacted by his mentor. Roosevelt gave Taft the tools to ensure that he was prepared to take on the challenge. Were they a good mentor? I believe that Roosevelt was a good mentor to Taft. According to Lesser (1995), one of the keys to good mentorship is great expectations. Roosevelt saw that Taft had potential to be a leader and pushed him to run for President, if not for this encouragement, Taft most likely would not have ever run and just stuck to his original plan of becoming a Supreme Court Justice (which he later completed). Many times mentors see what the mentee cannot yet see. Another key to good mentorship is good exposure (Lesser, 1995). Roosevelt was able to expose Taft to situations and people that set him up for success. If not for Tafts exposure to the Portsmouth Peace negotiations he many have not been successful expanding trade with Asia. Exposure like this is irreplaceable and can be very hard to come by, for this reason, I believe that Roosevelt was an excellent mentor. Did your leader display emotional and social intelligence with the mentee? Emotional and social intelligence are defined as skills that enable an individual to understand the impact of emotions on behavior and thinking, to regulate emotions and behavior, to understand the importance of emotions in others, and to understand social interactions and engage in adaptive ways with others in social situations. Emotional intelligence provides the foundation for social intelligence, which includes social awareness and relationship management (Gerardi, 2015). Knowing that Roosevelt was socially aware and maintained his relationships well, one can infer that he carried over these habits in his mentorship of Taft. Although their mentor/mentee relationship did not last much long after Taft became President, it is clear that Roosevelt helped Taft become skilled on how to adapt to others in social situations and become an excellent mediator and ambassador with countries around the world. References Gerardi, D. (2015). Conflict Engagement: Emotional and Social Intelligence. The American Journal of Nursing, 115(8), 60-5. Lesser, R. (1995). How to be a good mentor. Chemical Engineering, 102(8), 111. William Taft: Life in Brief (2017). In millercenter.org.

My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist    It's remarkable how many of my friends insist I am not an atheist. It seems pretty obvious to me that I don't believe any god exists, and that pretty much makes me an atheist. Nevertheless, here these people are, so insistent that I cannot possibly be an atheist. "You're too nice," they say, or "you really believe, you just don't know it" (how's that again?). Sometimes I hear something like "You believe in something, and that is really god" or "you are still looking, but you'll find Him" (he's invited to stop by my house at any time). When I have the time to converse with these people, however, it usually comes down to this: I'm really an agnostic, they say, because I am willing to admit that I don't know there isn't any god. It is apparently so important for people to believe that I'm "really just an agnostic" that I find this to be a haunting sign of the hold religion has on people. It is tragic that the mere thought of a good friend or relative being an actual, avowed atheist is s o horrible that it must be denied. Sometimes I have the chance to explain that I am an atheist not because I know there isn't a god, but because I don't believe there is. If someone insisted that their pet fish could talk, I really couldn't say I knew it didn't, especially if I could not go and see for myself, but it would still be fair for me to say that there are no talking fish. The relevance of this is that I do not believe god exists any more than I believe fish can talk. Certainly, I have not examined all species of fish, nor every single fish for that matter, nor could I ever accomplish such a feat, but the claim that they exist is so contrary to my own personal experience and reliable facts that I simply will not believe it unless very definitive proof is provided. Of course, if I visit someone's pet fish and it talks to me, I am still wiser to test the possibilities of trickery or insanity before believing it can really talk. But if I found many fish that talked, trustworthy people confirmed it, scientists pu blished carefully researched papers about them, and newspaper headlines read "INCREDIBLE DISCOVERY: TALKING FISH!" then it would be more than reasonable to believe they existed. My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist :: Personal Narrative essay about myself My Friends Tell Me I am Not an Atheist    It's remarkable how many of my friends insist I am not an atheist. It seems pretty obvious to me that I don't believe any god exists, and that pretty much makes me an atheist. Nevertheless, here these people are, so insistent that I cannot possibly be an atheist. "You're too nice," they say, or "you really believe, you just don't know it" (how's that again?). Sometimes I hear something like "You believe in something, and that is really god" or "you are still looking, but you'll find Him" (he's invited to stop by my house at any time). When I have the time to converse with these people, however, it usually comes down to this: I'm really an agnostic, they say, because I am willing to admit that I don't know there isn't any god. It is apparently so important for people to believe that I'm "really just an agnostic" that I find this to be a haunting sign of the hold religion has on people. It is tragic that the mere thought of a good friend or relative being an actual, avowed atheist is s o horrible that it must be denied. Sometimes I have the chance to explain that I am an atheist not because I know there isn't a god, but because I don't believe there is. If someone insisted that their pet fish could talk, I really couldn't say I knew it didn't, especially if I could not go and see for myself, but it would still be fair for me to say that there are no talking fish. The relevance of this is that I do not believe god exists any more than I believe fish can talk. Certainly, I have not examined all species of fish, nor every single fish for that matter, nor could I ever accomplish such a feat, but the claim that they exist is so contrary to my own personal experience and reliable facts that I simply will not believe it unless very definitive proof is provided. Of course, if I visit someone's pet fish and it talks to me, I am still wiser to test the possibilities of trickery or insanity before believing it can really talk. But if I found many fish that talked, trustworthy people confirmed it, scientists pu blished carefully researched papers about them, and newspaper headlines read "INCREDIBLE DISCOVERY: TALKING FISH!" then it would be more than reasonable to believe they existed.

Essay --

â€Å"The sandy beach is a harsh, constantly changing environment,† explained by the UKMCS (2). This is the ocean is constantly moving because of the wind in the earth’s atmosphere (Crawford 4). Along the edge of most coastlines, a commonly found zone is an estuary (Marine Conservation Society (UK) SouthEast 1). This is where brackish waters, an area where freshwater is released and mixed with the ocean’s salt water, is created (1). However, even though there are small amounts of freshwater added, this does not change that the salinity of the ocean is remarkably high. Salt is carried into the ocean by rain, rivers, streams, and underwater volcanoes (Office of Naval Research 3). Because of the multiple sources of salt, the levels of salinity within the ocean shoot up rapidly. The Office of Naval Research states, â€Å"Salinity is expressed by the amount of salt found in 1,000 grams of water† (3). Marine ecologist created an expression for the amount of salt inside a given area. If there is one gram of salt within 1,000 grams of water, then it is represented as 1 pound per ton (3). The oceans salinity varies between about 32 and 37 ppt (3). Most humans would not be able to live in an ecosystem with salinity levels being this high, however some organisms have adapted to surviving is such an environment. Osmosis is an animal’s way of adapting to different types of salinities (Office of Naval Research 3). All marine mammals have special traits that they adapted to help them survive in or around marine habitats (Marietta College 1). As prompted by the Marietta College of Ohio â€Å"Many organisms in saltwater are osmoconformers.† (1). An osmoconformer is an organism that has the same concentration of salt within its body as the surrounding water (1).... ...terials into the water and can threaten organisms (1). Most NSP is located close to people’s homes. Most importantly is the hazard material that is used and not properly cleaned or disposed of. If people have a septic tank on their property, and it is not the correct size, they can leak and pollute surrounding ground water (1). Poisonous materials from cars and other vehicles such as oil, brake fluid, grease, and gasoline, can be washed off and channel into storm drains, giving them direct access to the ocean (1). If it is not being washed off, then another large problem is when it is spilled or dumped out (Hemminger 4). These products can be picked up by rain and pushed down into storm drains (Natural Resources Defense Council 1). The last most common NSP is when non-degradable products are flushed down the toilet, which can damage the sewage treatment process (1).

The battle between religios

Christianity vs. Judaism Did you know that Christianity evolved from Judaism? In fact in the Old Testament, which is part of the Bible, were the words of the Jews (Southwick). You may have never heard of Judaism because it is such a little religion that not many people practice. Although Judaism is such a small religion it means a lot, without it there would not be Christianity! Therefore, there are many similarities between Christianity and Judaism; however, there are also many differences. Christianity is the largest religion in the entire world, 32. of are world's population is Christian (Southwick). There are also thousands of different types of Christianity. As of right now there are about 33,820 â€Å"sub† religions, Catholic being the biggest with about 1,050,000,000 members (Wikipedia). Think about that, over 1/7 of the world is made up of Catholics. Christianity is one of many monotheistic religions meaning they believe in one god and that goes by the name of Jesus. J esus is actually of three people; God the father, God the son and God the Holy Spirit. They call this trinity which is a group of three people or things.Most Christians go to church very Sunday for about an hour and listen to the stories of God read out of the Bible. On the night before Christmas and the day of Christmas people usually go to church to celebrate the birth of Jesus. Christianity is not a very extensive religion compared to most, there are very few requirements. The only thing you really need to do is believe in God/Jesus and you also must be baptized. This is probably why it is such a large religion. Unlike Christianity, Judaism is not a very large religion. Only 0. 2% of the world's population s made up of this religion.Compared to 32. 5% (Christian population) 0. 2% is not very much. This religion started in a place called Canaan and now a days Judaism is mainly practiced in Israel. Dissimilar to Christianity, 52% of Jews do not believe in gods. Appose to what most Christians think, most Jews do not thing God was the messiah. The sacred text of the Jews goes by the name of the Torah, which are the first five books of the Old Testament. The Torah was given to the people by God. Judaism is also a monotheistic religion. Jews did not eat shellfish or meat. https://donemyessay.com/why-was-the-battle-of-gettysburg-so-important/All of their meat had to be kosher. A big part of the Jews faith is to respect your elders! If you disrespected your parents they would have the right to beat you. One of the mail holidays in the religion is Hanukkah and is celebrated during the month of December. There are far more requirements to the religion which is probably why there are very few people that are a part of the religion. Because Christianity came from Judaism there will be many similarities but since Christianity started a lot have things have changed making it different from Judaism.One thing they have in common is that they both follow the Ten Commandments. They also both attend church and read out of the holy book. The Bible includes the first five books of the Old Testament which makes up the Torah. A major difference is the majority Jews do not believe Jesus Christ was the messiah. On the contrary; Christians believe that Jesus is the messi ah. Jews pray to Jehovah. Also Jews has different main day of worship then Christians. The Jews main day of worship is on Saturday oppose to Christians which is on Sunday. the battle between religios By noahwatsonl

How significant the impact of corporate social responsibility is associated to the legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory Essay

The look for bea that I esteem is both classic and of interest is the signifi backsidece of unified mixer responsibility. With the development of donnish guess in report field, the interrogative sentence of incarnate complaisant responsibility (CSR) has gained prominent promotions. And those explorees look at brought ab break finished pro put up influences to corporations and existences.The richness of this word of signifi give the gatece of in merged accessible responsibility revelation is that it squeeze out relate m each groups of people and a skunk of perspectives of partnership to a large goal. In order words, the disclosure of CSR end be very critical to a society. an oppositewise(prenominal) element that suffers me feel CSR is authoritative is that slightlywhat companies may change their practices to respond to the prospects of the society when there is a CSR issue in spite of appearance these companies. For this lineament, CSR plane cou ld potenti completelyy facilitate authentic industries to a better incoming day.In addition, CSR is important also because that it now skips to involve into a very large aver of effort. The CSR became a wide concerned issue. Thus, these factors inescapably get by my attention on to it. The topic of incarnate neighborly responsibility is still a young object to study comp atomic number 18d with some other old theories. This is why this topic attracts me to re expect it. more(prenominal)over, even though CSR has drawn solely of the attention from cosmos and companies, there ar still plenty misperceptions and m each subdued parts most it. The utilisations of this musical composition argon to clarity the savvy of CSR in m some(prenominal) diametric points of view rackd on my look intoes on the topic. look for questionThe research question of this hold, which drew my attention to explore into the theories of accounting bea, is that how signifi female genital or gant the impact of corporate favorable responsibility is associated to the authenticity surmisal and stakeholder mathematicalness. This question led to many interest facts which go forth be listed be busted.Academic Articles1. bodied loving responsibility evolution of a denitional Carroll (1999) discussed the hi bilgewater of the evolution of the system and explanation of CSR. As Carroll rig, in the 1990s, the CSR conception bridge circuitd substantially to alternative themes much(prenominal) as stakeholder surmisal, short letter morals theory, CSP, and corporate citisenship. Carroll holds a positive perspective that CSR result further carry on the stakeholder society, particularly at the ball-shaped aim and new emerging technologies arnas, and commercial applications.Thus, the designer believes that the CSR has a bright prospective because at its core, it addresses and captures the most important concerns of the public relating to job and society transac tionhips. It is also identified that in the last 2 decades, CSR continually piece of snuff ited as a core lay down simply yields to or is transformed into alternative thematic frameworks. 2. Refinements to genuineness surmisal in tender and Environmental Accounting In this paper, process (2004) showed virtually points that is relevant to my research.To begin with, he gave the definition of Legitimacy to build the discussion of hearty and environmental accounting argona. In addition, the author also identified some of the more topical developments in the estimable and management aspects on corporations and authenticity. For example, the author demo essential concepts of layers of authenticity theory. The table brought some ideas to the highest degree genuineness theory in different perspectives and it illustrated the phases of an organisation in managing its genuineness. Moreover, work make some clear thoughts that the contri besidesions of legitimacy theory that absorb already been do by accounting researchers that ar provided to be in full recognised, which sum that the essences of legitimacy theory ar not fully grasped.Therefore, this explained why mixer and environment disclosures ar voluntary. 3. The Role of Theory in Explaining motif for corporal Social Disclosures Voluntary Disclosures vs Solicited Disclosures wagon train der Laan (2009) investigates that it is voluntary in spirit to public corporate social disclosures (CSD) for entities in archean stage since CSR has been developed. And then the author found that the interests of researchers are moving to motifal aspects of disclosures of CSR. More and more companies are put across to embrace on their interactions with society in respective(a) forms which involves the term solicited. This phenomenon indicates that the value of reportage CSR is more and more important.It corporation be regarded as a natural con duration that the style of disclosure information is probable to be demanded other than only from voluntary actions due to the increase stresses on organisations to be responsible. Stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory are viewed as explanations of pauperizations of CSR disclosures. Thus, to stakeholders, legitimacy theory is somewhat management notions kind of than accountability. 4. Legitimacy theory a story of coverage social and environmental matters deep down the Australian nutrient and beverage intentness In this research, Guthrie, Cuganesan & Ward (2006) menti integrityd the links amidst the companys choice of legalization strategies and companys level of profile.The authors false companies as soaring profile and low profile. It states that the higher profile the enterprises are, the more possibilities to disclose more CSR information get out be. This may be because of the natural smell of this particular constancy. Companies in different industries adopt different motivations towards legitimation o benefitg t o their different activities on CSR. Another point is that corporations with high profiles trend to apply more disclosure strategies in order to change acquitations and perceptions of public and deflect attention of them. establish on the view of legitimacy theory, this article concludes that CSR is believably to be a trend of corporations to report, which means that, within the legitimacy theory, the CSR signifi quartertly impact companies strategies in most aspects.5. Social reporting in the tobacco plant industry all pinhead and mirrors? Due to the particularity of tobacco industry, the possibility of facing serious wearing of legitimacy appears more in tobacco industry than any other industries. Thus, the personal effects on mentioning CSR in reports in tobacco industry are likely to be greater than in other moving ines. Moerman & van der Laan (2005) states the process that use social reporting to fix the gap amongst the social and the economic. Moerman & new wave der Laan cited specific entropy to explain this belief.With the understanding of legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory, introduction Health Organisation extends the notion of stakeholders that have the potential to exercise pressure on the legitimacy of an industry via global prescripts control. 6. Gaining legitimacy in modern-day world environmental and social activities of organisations This article studies the relations between environmental and social motions of organisations and organisational legitimacy. fit to Emtairah and Mont (2008), the first point can be do is that CSR activities are likely to influence legitimation efforts of organisations. For instance, energy producing companies are go awaying to reduce the carbon firing in order to hold back the legitimacy to meet collective set of social antepasts to maintain social license to operate.The sulphur point classifies that how those potential variations influence these varietys as constructs for further empir ical research when companies make choices of CSR activities for legitimation purposes and the conditions. Overall, this article states the reasons for companies to disclose their corporate social responsibility. 7. The chore Case for incorporated Social Responsibility A reappraisal of Concepts, Research and Practice In this discussion, Carroll & Shabana (2010) states some features of business upshot for corporate social responsibility (CSR).The study of the business case mentions the cause why the companies should accept and ameliorate their CSR. In addition, Carroll & Shabana gives the answers of what the business communities and organizations get out of CSR. Moreover, the most important view that Carroll & Shabana made is that with the evolving understandings of CSR and some of the long-established, the current responsibilities of companies to society is beyond prot-seeking and pursuing the maximum wealth, which indicates that corporations should be responsible to their stake holders even if it occurs sacrifices on profit. perusal business case of CSR may bring up some outcomes in good shipway which are reducing cost and fortuneiness, alter legitimacy and reputation, structure competitive reward and creating winwin situations. 8. The Future of corporeal Social Responsibility ReportingIn this case, Maguire (2011) pointed out the impacts that CSR has produced to the whole world by analysing the quantity of CSR reporting of different periods. According to the statistics from CorporateRegister.com, in 2009, around 4,000 corporations published CSR disclosures which this lick is 10 times greater than it utilize to be in the mid of 1990s. Although companies are increasingly attempting to disclose reports about their social and environmental effects, reporting on such non-financial selective information has not yet compose the majority.More statistics showed that, in 2009, almost 90% of the Fortune Global 100 issued CSR reports, but most stakeholder s are still not clear with the social and environmental exercise of these corporations. The author concludes that CSR reporting is certainly important for future years. 9. stockholder value versus stakeholder value CSR and nancialisation in global food rms Jones & Nisbet (2011) studies the range of CSR which includes a test case of food manufacturing industry. It investigates the causes of CSR that arises from the nancialisation of company strategies and how these dene and rank social promises and berths within such internal institutions.By analysing the four biggest global entities case, the negotiated closure of two specic factories verifies an incompatibility between deeming employees as stakeholders and CSR as a business strategy. This paper concluded that corporate CSR perspectives on stakeholder partnerships are highly limited in s pick out. In addition, global pixilateds CSR with in financialised markets are supposed(prenominal) to accompaniment or replace unalloyed mark et forces, or state code and intervention. It is beyond either neoliberal, socioeco-nomic governance by markets, or welfare regulation by public authorities. 10. Does CSR Reduce Firm pretend? prove from Controversial Industry Sectors Jo & Na (2012) clarified the links between CSR and wet risk in debatable industry sectors, such as alcohol, tobacco, gambling etcetera and the result is found that CSR engagement mutually influences company risk after haughty for various characteristics of corporations. Jo & Na employ a system equation method and difference regressions to insistently search that CSR engagement of firms in controversial industry sectors negatively affects firm risk in order to cope with endogeneity problem. Authors found that, through CSR engagement, the influence of risk reduction is more economically and statistically important in controversial industry companies than the companies in non-controversial industry.ExpectationsIn responding to the research question, the baffleings are expected to be appeared from academic text file that variously content the information about the relation between CSR and its influences to this society through legitimacy or stakeholder theory perspective. The expectations of results can be general or specific. For example, one result expected to be found is the conditions of interacted impacts based on the fundamental relations between legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and CSR. Based on that finding, a further expectation can be made that whether CSR affects the legitimacy of a company and to what extent. Furthermore, I expect to find out what kind of corporations or industries are influenced or influenced most and to retort what steps they testament take to sustain existence.Another expectation of proper findings is the understanding of the role of theory in explaining motivation CSR and for what reasons that companies are voluntary or solicited. Moreover, the concept of what benefits CSR strategy may b ring to corporations is necessary by the research question. In addition, the future forecast about CSR is also ask in this topic. Lastly, how to make decisions between stakeholder theory and shareholder theory has to be discussed. Since the level of research we have done so far, more profound discussion should occur. The expectation can be whether CSR can complement or replace certain nature carrys of the society or economy.Accounting TheoriesThe accounting theories that might help me to explain the expectations I have for my research question are positive theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, shareholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory. validating theory explain, predict organisations activities. This theory is the fundamental for other theories. Legitimacy theory posits that business organisations are bound by the social contract to undertake socially craved actions in return for thanksgiving of their existence, goals and rewards from their ac tivities.This theory has close relationship with CSR issues. Stakeholder theory suggests that the purpose of a business is to create as much value as possible for stakeholders while keep the interests of customers, suppliers, employees, communities and shareholders aligned and discharge in the same direction. Contrastively, shareholder Theory describes that businesses do not have any moral obligations or social responsibilities at all, other than to maximize their own profit. shareholder and stakeholder theories are normative theories for CSR, guiding what a organisations role ought to be. Corporate social responsibility refers to the way that a business takes into account the financial, environmental and social impacts of decisions and actions it is involved in. This description meets the core of this article. info CollectionTo collect enough data for this essay, I chose data base as my searching method. By accessing to UTAS account, I can simply use the library data base functi ons to search what I want. This is a timesaving and multi-functional approach. The reason why I made this point is that the library data base of UTAS has enormous resources and various types of articles such books, journals, dissertations, report articles etc. I can easily use it to find the information. Moreover, the searching data base has many other functions, which have a bun in the oven login, that are very convenient.For example, when I search an article, the resources are listed out really profuse and it is automatically in a sequence of the most relevant outcomes. This procedure saves a lot of time from eliminating useless articles. The drone factor is amenity as well. aft(prenominal) searching some particular list words, when I move my mouse onto any titles of the search results, without clicking on it, a lagger window jumps out with all the legal brief information about this article. The best function is the save this item button, which I can use to save useful arti cles neatly and simply.EthicsIt is important to know that ethics is a bottom line of the work and research by our hands to parry hurting other people or ourselves. Ethical considerations play important role during my research. Ethics sycophancy helps to ensure that research complies with established guidelines. What I need to do at UTAS to obtain respectable approval is to plan the research project and find an organization to critique on the plan.The Research one and Ethics Sub-Committee (RIEC) can advise some help to me to obtain the ethical approval at UTAS. I can also go to the Research Integrity Advisers (RIAs) to ask for help. Clear view can be made that I have the duty to ensure the integrity of my work and that my research set ups the good name of UTAS and the profession. I am also required to save ethical, professional and legal responsibilities in the demeanor of research. In addition, I am alert of that students must apply for ethics approval prior to the recruit ment of participants and the commencement of any data collection. It is not possible to retro ethics approval. Moreover, all resources used in my research must be electronic copies and documented.Question Development1. According to the narrative of the evolution of the concept and definition of CSR, how did CSR bridge to other theories. By answering this question, respondents will be able to know about CSRs evolution and more importantly, respondents will have some brief ideas about the relations built between legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and CSR. 11. Does CSR affect companies legitimacy? If yes, to what extent do you think it will be? How did the CSR develop under different portion? This indicates the core link and gap between legitimacy and CSR. This article shows a trend that more and more companies are requested to report on their interactions with society in various forms which involves the term solicited. 12. When do companies create voluntary or solicited?This an swer illuminates the loyalty of growing significance of CSR in worldwide. 13. Which industries are most likely to be touched by the changes in CSR strategies of corporations? Respondents should enter into a deeper thought, although most of the businesses will be impact by CSR issues, only few of them paid high costs on their CSR problems. 14. What are the aspects of those companies to be influenced? By examining this idea, readers gain the acquaintance of limitation of the scope of CSR consequence tie in to legitimacy. 15. What motions would organisations take to balance its legitimacy, CSR strategy and the remunerative goals of company? This article studies the relations between environmental and social motions of organisations and organisational legitimacy.This question call for to be asked because that this article shows what loss will happen if CSR strategy is not appropriate. 16. What benefits can CSR strategy bring to corporations by poring over business of CSR? Studyi ng business case of CSR may produce some outcomes in good ways which are reducing cost and risk, strengthening legitimacy and reputation, building competitive advantage and creating winwin situations. 17. How is CSR going to affect the futures companies reports?Answering this question will make readers realise how significant the CSR is and how will it enhance social and environmental conditions as to be treated a priority for politicians and other stakeholders. The CSR reporting is not only bear on current companies activities, but also futures. 18. Can CSR complement or even replace unalloyed market forces, or state regulation and intervention? This question shows that CSR is so importance that even could be referred to the discussion of replacing state regulation. However, the completion is negative. 19. What is the relation between CSR and firm risk in controversial industry sectors? Readers will know the facts in reality of this case. citation list1. Carroll, AB 1999, Corpora te social responsibility evolution of a denitional construct, Business and Society, 38, pp. 268295 2. Tilling, M 2004, Refinements to legitimacy theory in social and environmental accounting, Commerce Research Paper, no. 04-6, ISSN 1441-3906. 3. Van der Laan, SL 2009, The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosures voluntary disclosures vs solicited disclosures, The Australasian Accounting Business & Finance diary, vol. 3, no.4. pp.15.4. Moerman, L & Van der Laan, SL 2005, Social reporting in the tobacco industry all smoke and mirrors, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, vol. 18, no.3, pp.374-389. 5. Guthrie, J, Cuganesan, S & Ward, L 2006, Legitimacy theory a story of reporting social and environmental matters within the Australian food and beverage industry, The 5th Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, p.1-35. 6. Emtairah, T & Mont, O 2008, Gaining legitimacy in contemporary world environmental and social act ivities of organisations, Int. J. Sustainable Society, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.134148.7. Carroll, AB & Shabana, KM 2010, The business case for corporate social responsibility a review of concepts, research and practice, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 12, no.1, pp. 85-105. 8. Maguire, M 2011, The future of corporate social responsibility reporting, Issues In Brief, vol. 1, no. 1. 9. Jones, B & Nisbet, P 2011, Shareholder value versus stakeholder values CSR and nancialisation in global food rms, Socio-Economic Review, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.287-314. 10. Jo, H & Na, H 2012, Does CSR Reduce Firm Risk? Evidence from Controversial Industry Sectors, Journal of Business Ethics, volume 110, no. 4, pp. 441-456